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<p>In this study, cobalt-doped Co<sub>x</sub>Ba<sub>0.8−x</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (x = 0, 0.3) photocatalysts were used to overcome the key limitations of existing ferrite systems by combining visible light activation with magnetic recoverability. Unlike conventional ferrites requiring UV irradiation or non-magnetic catalysts with separation challenges, this novel quinary composition represents the first application of cobalt-doped barium-manganese ferrite specifically for ciprofloxacin degradation, addressing both photocatalytic efficiency and practical catalyst recovery simultaneously. Sol–gel synthesis produces phase-pure cobalt-doped ferrites with narrowed bandgaps for enhanced visible-light absorption. Structural characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of Co into the spinel lattice, with improved surface properties. The optimized catalyst achieved complete ciprofloxacin degradation under visible light through hydroxyl and superoxide radical mechanisms, demonstrating broad-spectrum activity against multiple organic pollutants, including antibiotics and dyes, indicating its versatility across different contaminant classes. The catalyst maintained a high efficiency over repeated cycles with successful magnetic separation. Integration with oxidizing agents further enhances the treatment kinetics under solar conditions. This study establishes magnetically recoverable cobalt-doped ferrites as sustainable photocatalysts that address the practical challenges of catalyst separation while achieving effective visible-light-driven wastewater treatment for pharmaceutical contaminants.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Cobalt-doped spinel ferrites as efficient photocatalysts for multi-pollutant wastewater treatment under visible light

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月4日

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  • Muhammad Yasar,
  • Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi,
  • Islom Khudayberganov,
  • Shakhrijakhon Aminqulov,
  • Dilbar Urazbaeva,
  • Fuad M. Alzahrani,
  • Khalid J. Alzahrani,
  • Khalaf F. Alsharif

摘要

In this study, cobalt-doped CoxBa0.8−xMn0.2Fe2O4 (x = 0, 0.3) photocatalysts were used to overcome the key limitations of existing ferrite systems by combining visible light activation with magnetic recoverability. Unlike conventional ferrites requiring UV irradiation or non-magnetic catalysts with separation challenges, this novel quinary composition represents the first application of cobalt-doped barium-manganese ferrite specifically for ciprofloxacin degradation, addressing both photocatalytic efficiency and practical catalyst recovery simultaneously. Sol–gel synthesis produces phase-pure cobalt-doped ferrites with narrowed bandgaps for enhanced visible-light absorption. Structural characterization confirmed the successful incorporation of Co into the spinel lattice, with improved surface properties. The optimized catalyst achieved complete ciprofloxacin degradation under visible light through hydroxyl and superoxide radical mechanisms, demonstrating broad-spectrum activity against multiple organic pollutants, including antibiotics and dyes, indicating its versatility across different contaminant classes. The catalyst maintained a high efficiency over repeated cycles with successful magnetic separation. Integration with oxidizing agents further enhances the treatment kinetics under solar conditions. This study establishes magnetically recoverable cobalt-doped ferrites as sustainable photocatalysts that address the practical challenges of catalyst separation while achieving effective visible-light-driven wastewater treatment for pharmaceutical contaminants.

Graphical abstract