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<p>The green synthesized EDTA@ SiO<sub>2</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocomposites (NCs) by the <i>Echinops L.</i> plant was characterized using several techniques, including SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and UV–vis. The heterogeneous photocatalyst EDTA@ SiO<sub>2</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs (dose: 0.1&#xa0;g, pH<sub>pzc</sub> = 4.4) enhanced the efficiency (99.5%) and adsorption capacity (995&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>) of Eriochrom black-T (EBT) dye degradation from aqueous solution under visible light radiation (tungsten, 100 W). In comparing the estimated correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and reduced Chi-square (<i>χ</i><sup>2</sup>) values using nonlinear isothermal models, the same value of (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9998) was calculated for the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. In contrast, the equilibrium was most accurately described by the Freundlich model, which had the smallest (χ<sup>2</sup> = 30.049) value. The non-linear kinetic models for evaluating EBT degradation showed that the Elovich and pseudo-second order (PSO) models matched the experimental data with the highest R<sup>2</sup> value and the lowest χ<sup>2</sup> value. Additionally, the Elovich model confirmed PSO results for showing the significant role of chemical adsorption in the rate-determined step. The studied thermodynamic parameters of the EBT degradation confirmed the exothermic process with ∆H° = −&#xa0;0.796&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;K<sup>−1</sup> and negative values of ∆G° for the spontaneous degradation process at (303–318&#xa0;K). The effects of scavenger agents in EBT photodegradation on NCs revealed the significant role of photogenerated free radicals as: OH<sup>•</sup> &gt;  &gt; e<sup>−</sup> &gt; O<sub>2</sub><sup><b>−•</b></sup> &gt; h<sup>+</sup>. The reusability of NCs indicated good results after the fourth time of EBT removal (99.23, 96.66, 94.35, 95.12, and 94.35%) at 40&#xa0;min for initial pH = 1. Finally, antimicrobial activity was studied for the <i>Echinops L.</i> plant and EDTA@SiO<sub>2</sub>/CeO<sub>2</sub>/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NCs at different concentrations.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Schematic for the impact of light-generated free radicals on the EBT degradation using green-synthesized photocatalyst EDTA@SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 NCs at different pH levels under visible light.</p> <p></p>

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Green synthesized photocatalyst ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid @ SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposites by the Echinops L. plant for removal eriochrom black-T dye: focus on photodegradation, scavengers, kinetics, and antibioactivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月16日

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  • Roonak Golabiazar,
  • Muhammad Ahmad HamaYali,
  • Muhammad Ali Hamadamin,
  • Suhel Rahman Saadi

摘要

The green synthesized EDTA@ SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposites (NCs) by the Echinops L. plant was characterized using several techniques, including SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and UV–vis. The heterogeneous photocatalyst EDTA@ SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 NCs (dose: 0.1 g, pHpzc = 4.4) enhanced the efficiency (99.5%) and adsorption capacity (995 mg g−1) of Eriochrom black-T (EBT) dye degradation from aqueous solution under visible light radiation (tungsten, 100 W). In comparing the estimated correlation coefficient (R2) and reduced Chi-square (χ2) values using nonlinear isothermal models, the same value of (R2 = 0.9998) was calculated for the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. In contrast, the equilibrium was most accurately described by the Freundlich model, which had the smallest (χ2 = 30.049) value. The non-linear kinetic models for evaluating EBT degradation showed that the Elovich and pseudo-second order (PSO) models matched the experimental data with the highest R2 value and the lowest χ2 value. Additionally, the Elovich model confirmed PSO results for showing the significant role of chemical adsorption in the rate-determined step. The studied thermodynamic parameters of the EBT degradation confirmed the exothermic process with ∆H° = − 0.796 kJ mol−1 K−1 and negative values of ∆G° for the spontaneous degradation process at (303–318 K). The effects of scavenger agents in EBT photodegradation on NCs revealed the significant role of photogenerated free radicals as: OH• >  > e− > O2−• > h+. The reusability of NCs indicated good results after the fourth time of EBT removal (99.23, 96.66, 94.35, 95.12, and 94.35%) at 40 min for initial pH = 1. Finally, antimicrobial activity was studied for the Echinops L. plant and EDTA@SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 NCs at different concentrations.

Graphical abstract

Schematic for the impact of light-generated free radicals on the EBT degradation using green-synthesized photocatalyst EDTA@SiO2/CeO2/Fe3O4 NCs at different pH levels under visible light.