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<p>The Anna Karenina principle posits that beneficial conditions produce both higher average well-being and lower well-being inequality. This study provides the first comprehensive macro-level test of the Anna Karenina principle across economic, political, and social dimensions simultaneously, combining regression and ordinal pattern-coherence methods on data from 63 countries in the World Values Survey Wave 7. We combine regression analysis with the Longest Common Subsequence method, validated through permutation testing, to identify which indicators satisfy this dual condition. Results reveal that unemployment is the only indicator among those examined that predicts both higher mean happiness and lower happiness inequality. These findings are exploratory and threshold-dependent: both unemployment indicators satisfy the complete Anna Karenina pattern only at the <i>p</i> &lt; 0.10 level, and the inequality associations do not survive Benjamini–Hochberg correction, showing that unemployment as a strong candidate among the indicators assessed is not definitive but suggestive.</p>

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Are all happy nations alike? testing the anna karenina principle in cross-national level

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Muhammad Ichsan Fadillah

摘要

The Anna Karenina principle posits that beneficial conditions produce both higher average well-being and lower well-being inequality. This study provides the first comprehensive macro-level test of the Anna Karenina principle across economic, political, and social dimensions simultaneously, combining regression and ordinal pattern-coherence methods on data from 63 countries in the World Values Survey Wave 7. We combine regression analysis with the Longest Common Subsequence method, validated through permutation testing, to identify which indicators satisfy this dual condition. Results reveal that unemployment is the only indicator among those examined that predicts both higher mean happiness and lower happiness inequality. These findings are exploratory and threshold-dependent: both unemployment indicators satisfy the complete Anna Karenina pattern only at the p < 0.10 level, and the inequality associations do not survive Benjamini–Hochberg correction, showing that unemployment as a strong candidate among the indicators assessed is not definitive but suggestive.