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<p>Malaria remains one of the most prominent vector-borne diseases; hence, it continues to pose a growing public health burden despite extensive control efforts. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the transmission dynamics of malaria are significantly influenced by human behavior and location, yet these factors remain less studied. Thus, this study proposes a non-linear, time-dependent optimal control model that accounts for high-risk and low-risk susceptible human groups shaped by these factors. The control interventions incorporated in the model include insecticide-treated nets, repellent lotion, anti-malaria drugs, and indoor residual spray. The Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed to derive the optimality system, which is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and then simulated using Python version 3.0. Efficiency analysis indicates that the combined use of insecticide-treated nets and anti-malaria drugs results in the greatest reduction in infection rates. However, cost-effectiveness analysis reveals that, in resource-limited settings, anti-malaria drugs alone provide the most economical intervention strategy.</p>

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Optimal control and cost-effectiveness analysis of a mathematical model of Malaria transmission with multi-susceptibility populations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Gekonga Wanchoke Chacha,
  • Sarinah Banu Mohamed Siddik,
  • Fatmawati

摘要

Malaria remains one of the most prominent vector-borne diseases; hence, it continues to pose a growing public health burden despite extensive control efforts. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the transmission dynamics of malaria are significantly influenced by human behavior and location, yet these factors remain less studied. Thus, this study proposes a non-linear, time-dependent optimal control model that accounts for high-risk and low-risk susceptible human groups shaped by these factors. The control interventions incorporated in the model include insecticide-treated nets, repellent lotion, anti-malaria drugs, and indoor residual spray. The Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle is employed to derive the optimality system, which is solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and then simulated using Python version 3.0. Efficiency analysis indicates that the combined use of insecticide-treated nets and anti-malaria drugs results in the greatest reduction in infection rates. However, cost-effectiveness analysis reveals that, in resource-limited settings, anti-malaria drugs alone provide the most economical intervention strategy.