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<p>Renewable energy adoption has expanded globally since 2000, yet progress remains highly uneven across countries and regions. Using a large multi-country panel covering the period 2000–2023, this study combines inequality measures (Gini and Theil indices) with two-way country and year fixed-effects models to identify factors associated with renewable electricity shares. Inequality trends indicate partial global convergence alongside persistent within-region disparities. This pattern is particularly pronounced in Asia and Africa, where a small number of countries achieve high renewable penetration while many large economies remain fossil dependent. In fixed-effects estimates, trade openness and electricity demand are positively associated with renewable adoption, whereas population size shows a negative association, consistent with scale and system-integration constraints. GDP per capita and broad governance indicators show limited independent explanatory power once structural covariates are included. Overall, renewable deployment appears more closely linked to structural conditions than to aggregate institutional quality. Failure to address distributional gaps risks reinforcing a two-speed global energy transition.</p>

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Structural drivers and distributional inequality in global renewable energy adoption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Zuhriddin Juraev,
  • Boburmirzo Khursanaliyev,
  • Shokhrukhkhon Nishonkulov

摘要

Renewable energy adoption has expanded globally since 2000, yet progress remains highly uneven across countries and regions. Using a large multi-country panel covering the period 2000–2023, this study combines inequality measures (Gini and Theil indices) with two-way country and year fixed-effects models to identify factors associated with renewable electricity shares. Inequality trends indicate partial global convergence alongside persistent within-region disparities. This pattern is particularly pronounced in Asia and Africa, where a small number of countries achieve high renewable penetration while many large economies remain fossil dependent. In fixed-effects estimates, trade openness and electricity demand are positively associated with renewable adoption, whereas population size shows a negative association, consistent with scale and system-integration constraints. GDP per capita and broad governance indicators show limited independent explanatory power once structural covariates are included. Overall, renewable deployment appears more closely linked to structural conditions than to aggregate institutional quality. Failure to address distributional gaps risks reinforcing a two-speed global energy transition.