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<p>This study investigates the impact of tourism and human capital on poverty reduction in five South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Bhutan, and Nepal—over the period 2000–2023. Using household consumption expenditure (HC) and infant mortality rate (IMR) as proxies for income and health poverty, respectively, the analysis applies the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) approach to account for cross-sectional dependence and country-specific heterogeneity. The findings reveal that tourism significantly contributes to poverty alleviation, with a 1% increase in tourism receipts leading to a 0.03% rise in HCE and a 0.03% decline in IMR. Human capital, measured through government expenditure on education, similarly enhances economic and health outcomes, as a 1% increase in education spending raises HCE by 0.43% and reduces IMR by 0.02%. The significant interaction term between tourism and human capital confirms their complementary role in amplifying poverty-reducing effects when combined. Additional results indicate that higher GDP per capita, trade openness, and agricultural growth support poverty alleviation, while inflation negatively impacts household consumption. These findings highlight the need for integrated policies that jointly promote tourism development and human capital investment to maximize poverty reduction across South Asia’s diverse socio-economic contexts.</p>

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Do tourism and human capital complement each other in poverty reduction? A CS-ARDL study of South Asia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月20日

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  • Waseem Ahmad Parray,
  • Aqsa Shireen,
  • Imtiyaz Ahmad Shah

摘要

This study investigates the impact of tourism and human capital on poverty reduction in five South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Bhutan, and Nepal—over the period 2000–2023. Using household consumption expenditure (HC) and infant mortality rate (IMR) as proxies for income and health poverty, respectively, the analysis applies the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) approach to account for cross-sectional dependence and country-specific heterogeneity. The findings reveal that tourism significantly contributes to poverty alleviation, with a 1% increase in tourism receipts leading to a 0.03% rise in HCE and a 0.03% decline in IMR. Human capital, measured through government expenditure on education, similarly enhances economic and health outcomes, as a 1% increase in education spending raises HCE by 0.43% and reduces IMR by 0.02%. The significant interaction term between tourism and human capital confirms their complementary role in amplifying poverty-reducing effects when combined. Additional results indicate that higher GDP per capita, trade openness, and agricultural growth support poverty alleviation, while inflation negatively impacts household consumption. These findings highlight the need for integrated policies that jointly promote tourism development and human capital investment to maximize poverty reduction across South Asia’s diverse socio-economic contexts.