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<p>Quantum secure direct communication is an important research direction in quantum cryptography. However, most schemes only support one-way communication, whereas quantum dialog schemes can enable both parties to synchronously exchange secret information. To this end, this paper proposes an authenticated quantum dialog scheme based on <i>d</i>-dimensional Bell state entanglement swapping. In this scheme, the communicating parties each prepare (n+1) identical <i>d</i>-dimensional Bell states and encode secret information into the Bell states using unitary operations. They then exchange the first and fourth particles of the Bell states and perform Bell basis measurements, ultimately recovering the secret using the relevant properties of <i>d</i>-dimensional Bell state entanglement swapping. On this basis, the application of this scheme in the Vehicular Networks is discussed, and a simple example for the case of dimension <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d=4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is provided. Furthermore, the scheme incorporates authentication and verification. Security analysis demonstrates that it can resist both active and passive attacks from adversaries. Finally, comparative verification confirms that the scheme offers advantages in terms of efficiency and resource utilization.</p>

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An authenticated quantum dialog scheme based on d-dimensional Bell states

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Yanan Liu,
  • Zhaowei Han,
  • Zhihui Li,
  • Yuehua Li

摘要

Quantum secure direct communication is an important research direction in quantum cryptography. However, most schemes only support one-way communication, whereas quantum dialog schemes can enable both parties to synchronously exchange secret information. To this end, this paper proposes an authenticated quantum dialog scheme based on d-dimensional Bell state entanglement swapping. In this scheme, the communicating parties each prepare (n+1) identical d-dimensional Bell states and encode secret information into the Bell states using unitary operations. They then exchange the first and fourth particles of the Bell states and perform Bell basis measurements, ultimately recovering the secret using the relevant properties of d-dimensional Bell state entanglement swapping. On this basis, the application of this scheme in the Vehicular Networks is discussed, and a simple example for the case of dimension \(d=4\) d = 4 is provided. Furthermore, the scheme incorporates authentication and verification. Security analysis demonstrates that it can resist both active and passive attacks from adversaries. Finally, comparative verification confirms that the scheme offers advantages in terms of efficiency and resource utilization.