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<p>As quantum communication networks move toward cross-domain deployment, existing mediated quantum key distribution (MQKD) protocols suffer from several drawbacks. They typically impose high quantum ability requirements on users and rely on a single server, resulting in concentrated trust assumptions and limited practicality. To overcome these issues, we propose a cross-domain MQKD protocol using four-particle GHZ-like states and a dual-server architecture. Two independent semi-honest servers from different domains prepare and distribute quantum sequences embedded with decoy states, without publicly announcing their insertion positions and measurement bases, thereby reducing classical communication overhead and enhancing transmission security. Users only perform Bell and single-photon measurements, without requiring unitary operations or state preparation, which reduces hardware complexity and implementation costs. The dual-server structure distributes trust across domains and alleviates the single point of failure in traditional schemes. By exploiting the entanglement properties of GHZ-like states, the protocol establishes deterministic correlations between paired Bell measurements and achieves a qubit efficiency of 30%. Security against external and internal attacks is analyzed, and feasibility is verified via simulations on Qiskit and the IBM Quantum platform. These results indicate that the protocol is practical under current technological conditions.</p>

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Semi-honest mediated cross-domain quantum key distribution using GHZ-like states

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月4日

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  • Chaonan Wang,
  • Mengyan Li,
  • Yanlin Zhang,
  • Wei Gao

摘要

As quantum communication networks move toward cross-domain deployment, existing mediated quantum key distribution (MQKD) protocols suffer from several drawbacks. They typically impose high quantum ability requirements on users and rely on a single server, resulting in concentrated trust assumptions and limited practicality. To overcome these issues, we propose a cross-domain MQKD protocol using four-particle GHZ-like states and a dual-server architecture. Two independent semi-honest servers from different domains prepare and distribute quantum sequences embedded with decoy states, without publicly announcing their insertion positions and measurement bases, thereby reducing classical communication overhead and enhancing transmission security. Users only perform Bell and single-photon measurements, without requiring unitary operations or state preparation, which reduces hardware complexity and implementation costs. The dual-server structure distributes trust across domains and alleviates the single point of failure in traditional schemes. By exploiting the entanglement properties of GHZ-like states, the protocol establishes deterministic correlations between paired Bell measurements and achieves a qubit efficiency of 30%. Security against external and internal attacks is analyzed, and feasibility is verified via simulations on Qiskit and the IBM Quantum platform. These results indicate that the protocol is practical under current technological conditions.