<p>We propose a straightforward method to determine the maximal entanglement of pure states using the criterion of maximal I-concurrence, a measure of entanglement. The square of concurrence for a bipartition <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X|X^\prime \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of a pure state is defined as <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(E^2_{X| X ^\prime }=2[1-\textrm{tr}({\rho _X}^2)]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mtext>tr</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>X</mi> </msub> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. From this, we can infer that the concurrence <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(E_{X| X ^\prime }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> reaches its maximum when <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{tr}({\rho _X}^2)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>tr</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>X</mi> </msub> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is minimised. Using this approach, we have established the connection to the <b>entanglement entropy</b> to identify numerous Absolutely Maximally Entangled (AME) pure states that exhibit maximal entanglement across all possible bipartitions. Conditions are derived for pure states to achieve maximal mixedness in all bipartitions, revealing that any pure state with an odd number of subsystem coefficients does not meet the AME criterion. Furthermore, we obtain Equal Maximally Entangled (EME) pure states across all bipartitions using our maximal concurrence criterion.</p>

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A concurrence-based criterion for equal maximally entangled and absolutely maximally entangled states

  • Subhasish Bag,
  • Ramita Sarkar,
  • Prasanta K. Panigrahi

摘要

We propose a straightforward method to determine the maximal entanglement of pure states using the criterion of maximal I-concurrence, a measure of entanglement. The square of concurrence for a bipartition \(X|X^\prime \) X | X of a pure state is defined as \(E^2_{X| X ^\prime }=2[1-\textrm{tr}({\rho _X}^2)]\) E X | X 2 = 2 [ 1 - tr ( ρ X 2 ) ] . From this, we can infer that the concurrence \(E_{X| X ^\prime }\) E X | X reaches its maximum when \(\textrm{tr}({\rho _X}^2)\) tr ( ρ X 2 ) is minimised. Using this approach, we have established the connection to the entanglement entropy to identify numerous Absolutely Maximally Entangled (AME) pure states that exhibit maximal entanglement across all possible bipartitions. Conditions are derived for pure states to achieve maximal mixedness in all bipartitions, revealing that any pure state with an odd number of subsystem coefficients does not meet the AME criterion. Furthermore, we obtain Equal Maximally Entangled (EME) pure states across all bipartitions using our maximal concurrence criterion.