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<p>To address the challenge of balancing limited quantum capabilities on the user side with communication efficiency in semi-quantum cryptography, this work introduces polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom (PSDF) single photons technology into the semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) framework and proposes a novel SQD protocol. This protocol employs parallel encoding across the dual degrees of freedom (DoFs) of single photons to achieve bidirectional secure communication, requiring only a single round of security verification. As the classical participant, Bob encodes his secret information via <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Z_{P} \otimes Z_{S}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>P</mi> </msub> <mo>⊗</mo> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mi>S</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> basis measurements and re-preparation of states, returning quantum sequence to Alice. Alice decodes Bob's message based on her knowledge of the initial states and encodes her own secret information by applying specific unitary operations. In terms of security, the protocol effectively resists various active eavesdropping attacks. Furthermore, it incorporates one-way hash functions and error correction coding mechanisms to enhance robustness in noisy environments. The proposed scheme utilizes PSDF single photons product states as its quantum resource, whose preparation and measurement can be realized with existing mature experimental techniques, ensuring high practical feasibility. This work provides a new perspective for the practical development of semi-quantum communication systems.</p>

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A novel semi-quantum dialogue protocol based on single photons dual degrees of freedom

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Yun-Hao Feng,
  • Ri-Gui Zhou,
  • Ran Guo

摘要

To address the challenge of balancing limited quantum capabilities on the user side with communication efficiency in semi-quantum cryptography, this work introduces polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom (PSDF) single photons technology into the semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) framework and proposes a novel SQD protocol. This protocol employs parallel encoding across the dual degrees of freedom (DoFs) of single photons to achieve bidirectional secure communication, requiring only a single round of security verification. As the classical participant, Bob encodes his secret information via \(Z_{P} \otimes Z_{S}\) Z P ⊗ Z S basis measurements and re-preparation of states, returning quantum sequence to Alice. Alice decodes Bob's message based on her knowledge of the initial states and encodes her own secret information by applying specific unitary operations. In terms of security, the protocol effectively resists various active eavesdropping attacks. Furthermore, it incorporates one-way hash functions and error correction coding mechanisms to enhance robustness in noisy environments. The proposed scheme utilizes PSDF single photons product states as its quantum resource, whose preparation and measurement can be realized with existing mature experimental techniques, ensuring high practical feasibility. This work provides a new perspective for the practical development of semi-quantum communication systems.