<p>Sociological rational choice theory (SRT) is a theoretical approach that values scientifically driven, theoretically grounded research, combining the methodological individualism and instrumental microfoundations used in economics with models of institutions, networks, and norms from sociology. Inspired by the public choice movement, SRT sought to apply rational choice theory to non-market behavior and the collective results of that behavior. At the time of its inception, SRT distanced itself from social exchange theory and the main lines of social network analysis. Whereas exchange theory readily incorporated network concepts and rooted itself in social psychology, advocates for rational choice pursued a strategy based on strong assumptions about individual rationality combined with a more flexible conception of bounded rationality. Despite being promoted by leading sociologists, SRT never attained a position at the center of the discipline, and debate on rational choice gradually died out. Mounting criticism of the rational action model in philosophy, cognitive psychology, and behavioral economics also took a toll on the appeal of rational choice and the confidence of its practitioners. Nevertheless, we conclude on an encouraging note. While American sociology has shown declining interest and involvement in SRT, new directions drawing on social network analysis, experimental methods, and efforts to adapt the dual-process framework of behavior show great promise. To some extent, rational choice sociology informs a vital part of the discipline in the United States and particularly in Europe.</p>