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Purpose <p>Excessive fluctuations in the availability of nutrients in a field can lead to either excessive or insufficient nutrient incorporation. The application of fertilizer at a variable rate enables the precise distribution of nutrients to the crop, taking into account crop variability. For site-specific nutrient application, a variable rate fertilizer application system is developed.</p> Method <p>A variable rate fertilizer application system is developed for site-specific nutrient application. It has prescription maps for P and K as input and real-time N sensing. The system comprises a sensor module, a data processing unit, and a metering unit. In a sensing module Green-seeker sensor is used to identify the on-the-go availability of Nitrogen in crop. The prescription map is developed from grid soil sampling for Phosphorus and Potassium content. Data received from the sensing module and the prescription map is processed in the micro-controlling unit to determine the application. Based on the required application rate, the optimum spray flow rate to be sprayed was calculated, and then control signals for the spray control unit were calculated. Pulse-width-modulated proportional solenoid valves are used to achieve the actual variation in discharge of spray nozzles in order to deliver the calculated flow rate. The performance of the applicator is evaluated on the maize crop. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effects of forward speed (3, 4, and 5 km/h) and fertilizer application rate (40, 50, 60, and 70 ml/m<sup>2</sup>) on actual fertilizer applied, % error in fertilizer application, droplet size, droplet density (DD), and uniformity coefficient.</p> Results <p>The system’s validation showed that the discharge from the nozzles and the calculated discharge of N, P, and K had a perfect correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99). The sensor-based system’s response time is 0.80 s, whereas the map-based system’s is 1.32 s. The results show that the % error in fertilizer application increased as forward speed increased, ranging from 0.9 to 8.8%. As the rate of fertilizer delivery increased, so did the droplet size in a range of 241.2 μm to 272.5 μm.</p> Conclusion <p> The variable rate fertilizer application system was found to be efficient by saving fertilizer, over the conventional application systems, in the range of 13.43 % to 28.34%.</p>

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Experimental study of real-time sensing and map-based site-specific application for N, P and K

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • Pranav Pawase,
  • Sachin Nalawade,
  • Avdhoot Walunj,
  • Pravin Kadam,
  • Zhiwei Zeng

摘要

Purpose

Excessive fluctuations in the availability of nutrients in a field can lead to either excessive or insufficient nutrient incorporation. The application of fertilizer at a variable rate enables the precise distribution of nutrients to the crop, taking into account crop variability. For site-specific nutrient application, a variable rate fertilizer application system is developed.

Method

A variable rate fertilizer application system is developed for site-specific nutrient application. It has prescription maps for P and K as input and real-time N sensing. The system comprises a sensor module, a data processing unit, and a metering unit. In a sensing module Green-seeker sensor is used to identify the on-the-go availability of Nitrogen in crop. The prescription map is developed from grid soil sampling for Phosphorus and Potassium content. Data received from the sensing module and the prescription map is processed in the micro-controlling unit to determine the application. Based on the required application rate, the optimum spray flow rate to be sprayed was calculated, and then control signals for the spray control unit were calculated. Pulse-width-modulated proportional solenoid valves are used to achieve the actual variation in discharge of spray nozzles in order to deliver the calculated flow rate. The performance of the applicator is evaluated on the maize crop. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effects of forward speed (3, 4, and 5 km/h) and fertilizer application rate (40, 50, 60, and 70 ml/m2) on actual fertilizer applied, % error in fertilizer application, droplet size, droplet density (DD), and uniformity coefficient.

Results

The system’s validation showed that the discharge from the nozzles and the calculated discharge of N, P, and K had a perfect correlation (R2 = 0.99). The sensor-based system’s response time is 0.80 s, whereas the map-based system’s is 1.32 s. The results show that the % error in fertilizer application increased as forward speed increased, ranging from 0.9 to 8.8%. As the rate of fertilizer delivery increased, so did the droplet size in a range of 241.2 μm to 272.5 μm.

Conclusion

The variable rate fertilizer application system was found to be efficient by saving fertilizer, over the conventional application systems, in the range of 13.43 % to 28.34%.