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<p>This study investigates the determinants of urban residents’ low-carbon behavioral intention (BI) and travel behavior (B) to inform evidence-based sustainable transportation policies. The theory of planned behavior was extended based on low-carbon travel data collected from 1186 respondents in Zhenjiang, China. A dual-analytical approach integrating partial least squares structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis was employed to disentangle both sufficient and necessary conditions for low-carbon travel. The results reveal that perceived behavioral control and subjective norms function as both significant predictors and necessary prerequisites for BI, whereas driving identification (DI) acts as a significant barrier. Notably, anticipated regret emerged as a necessary but insufficient condition for BI. Travel habit (TH) and attitude (ATT) positively influenced both BI and B. These findings offer actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to promote sustainable transportation choices, specifically by strengthening perceived behavioral control through targeted interventions, leveraging social norms, and implementing countermeasures to mitigate resistance arising from car-dependent identities.</p>

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What determines low-carbon travel? A policy-oriented assessment using PLS-SEM and NCA in an extended TPB framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月26日

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  • Wenchao Cao,
  • Yanyan Chen,
  • Ke Wang

摘要

This study investigates the determinants of urban residents’ low-carbon behavioral intention (BI) and travel behavior (B) to inform evidence-based sustainable transportation policies. The theory of planned behavior was extended based on low-carbon travel data collected from 1186 respondents in Zhenjiang, China. A dual-analytical approach integrating partial least squares structural equation modeling and necessary condition analysis was employed to disentangle both sufficient and necessary conditions for low-carbon travel. The results reveal that perceived behavioral control and subjective norms function as both significant predictors and necessary prerequisites for BI, whereas driving identification (DI) acts as a significant barrier. Notably, anticipated regret emerged as a necessary but insufficient condition for BI. Travel habit (TH) and attitude (ATT) positively influenced both BI and B. These findings offer actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to promote sustainable transportation choices, specifically by strengthening perceived behavioral control through targeted interventions, leveraging social norms, and implementing countermeasures to mitigate resistance arising from car-dependent identities.