<p>South Korea’s total fertility rate (TFR) has declined to 0.72, raising concerns about the country’s demographic and socioeconomic sustainability. This study employed Q methodology to examine subjective perceptions of low fertility. We conducted a structured, face-to-face Q survey in January 2025 with 40 purposively sampled participants (N = 40) representing sociodemographic backgrounds. Participants sorted 40 statements about economic, cultural, and gender-role aspects on a forced distribution from − 4 to + 4. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation, which revealed four perception types (prioritization of personal life and happiness; recognition of economic burdens of childrearing; emphasis on work-family balance; and concern regarding population decline), together accounting for 62.3% of explained variance. Gender patterns emerged, with women concentrating in Types 2 and 3 (economic and work-family balance concerns) and men showing greater representation in Type 4 (population crisis). Although respondents converged on the need for gender-equal childcare and strengthened social supports, their preferred policy responses differed across types. These findings suggest that public perceptions of low fertility are heterogeneous and structured by values, socioeconomic position, and cultural discourse. The absence of a formal measure of income and wealth constitutes a methodological limitation. The study contributes to demographic scholarship by providing evidence for differentiated, targeted policy approaches and communication strategies that respect individual autonomy while addressing population concerns.</p>