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<p>Cadmium nanoparticles (Cd-NPs) emerging from industrial effluents and nanoenabled agrochemicals increasingly contaminate agricultural soils, posing a stealthy threat to global fruit and root crop production. Unlike ionic Cd<sup>2</sup>⁺, Cd-NPs (1–100&#xa0;nm) penetrate root cells via endocytosis, bind thiol groups of the ESCRT machinery, and severely impair exosome biogenesis and cargo loading. This disrupts long-distance transport of defense-related microRNAs (miR156 and miR393) and pathogenesis-related proteins from roots to fruits and storage organs, abolishing systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against necrotrophic pathogens. Across five economically critical crops and their respective necrotrophic pathogens pomegranate (<i>Punica granatum</i> affected by <i>Alternaria alternata</i>), tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> affected by <i>Fusarium</i> spp.), citrus (<i>Citrus</i> spp. affected by <i>Penicillium digitatum</i>), apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> affected by <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), and potato (<i>Solanum tuberosum</i> affected by <i>Fusarium solani</i>), evidence primarily from tomato model systems indicates that Cd-NP exposure can reduce exosomal miRNA levels (miR156 and miR393) and overall exosome yield. We hypothesize that this disruption may contribute to the observed increases in postharvest rot susceptibility across diverse crop systems. This proposed mechanism reframes postharvest decay as a potential “nanocontamination legacy disease” rather than a random storage disorder. A synthesis of existing field trials suggests that biochar amendments can significantly reduce bioavailable Cd, while plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) show potential to support exosomal signaling and mitigate rot incidence. This synthesis suggests that Cd-NPs function as prominent disruptors of extracellular vesicle–mediated immunity across model plant systems, emphasizing the value of immediate mitigation measures and proactive regulatory guidelines of &lt; 0.1&#xa0;mg Cd kg⁻<sup>1</sup> in nano-agrochemicals to safeguard the $300 billion fruit and root crop sector.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Cadmium Nanoparticles Disrupt Root Exosomal Defense Signaling Across Fruit & Root Crops: Mechanisms and Postharvest Rot Susceptibility

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Qudrat Ullah,
  • Waqas Haider,
  • Muhammad Waqar,
  • Abdul Rehman,
  • Rashid Abbas Khan,
  • Zaki ul Zaman Asam,
  • Muhammad Zubair,
  • Mujahid Farid

摘要

Cadmium nanoparticles (Cd-NPs) emerging from industrial effluents and nanoenabled agrochemicals increasingly contaminate agricultural soils, posing a stealthy threat to global fruit and root crop production. Unlike ionic Cd2⁺, Cd-NPs (1–100 nm) penetrate root cells via endocytosis, bind thiol groups of the ESCRT machinery, and severely impair exosome biogenesis and cargo loading. This disrupts long-distance transport of defense-related microRNAs (miR156 and miR393) and pathogenesis-related proteins from roots to fruits and storage organs, abolishing systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against necrotrophic pathogens. Across five economically critical crops and their respective necrotrophic pathogens pomegranate (Punica granatum affected by Alternaria alternata), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum affected by Fusarium spp.), citrus (Citrus spp. affected by Penicillium digitatum), apple (Malus domestica affected by Botrytis cinerea), and potato (Solanum tuberosum affected by Fusarium solani), evidence primarily from tomato model systems indicates that Cd-NP exposure can reduce exosomal miRNA levels (miR156 and miR393) and overall exosome yield. We hypothesize that this disruption may contribute to the observed increases in postharvest rot susceptibility across diverse crop systems. This proposed mechanism reframes postharvest decay as a potential “nanocontamination legacy disease” rather than a random storage disorder. A synthesis of existing field trials suggests that biochar amendments can significantly reduce bioavailable Cd, while plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) show potential to support exosomal signaling and mitigate rot incidence. This synthesis suggests that Cd-NPs function as prominent disruptors of extracellular vesicle–mediated immunity across model plant systems, emphasizing the value of immediate mitigation measures and proactive regulatory guidelines of < 0.1 mg Cd kg⁻1 in nano-agrochemicals to safeguard the $300 billion fruit and root crop sector.

Graphical Abstract