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<p><i>Petunia</i> is admired for its aesthetic value and is widely cultivated as an ornamental flowering plant because of its globally recognized beauty. Thus, in the present study, a reciprocal cross was carried out by crossing two petunia cultivars (Red Frost and Blackberry) via two crossing programs: first, Red Frost as a female (♀) parent and Blackberry as a male (♂) parent; second, Blackberry as a female (♀) parent and Red Frost as a male (♂) parent. A total of 24 and 25 plants from the first and second cross, respectively, were randomly selected and grown to maturity. In both cases, the pollen colour was 67% creamy and 33% light purple. Nine and eleven different flower colours were produced in the first and second crossing programs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified all morphometric characteristics (flower colour, anther colour, flower diameter, peduncle length, number of flowers per plant, number of main branches per plant, plant height, and days to seed set after self-pollination) into four groups, whereas the ward dendrogram divided all progenies with parents into three clusters in both cases. Additionally, ten conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP) and ten sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were applied to assess genetic diversity and reveal the relationships between all offspring and their parents. The average number of polymorphic bands (NPB) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 6.60 and 0.17, respectively, for the CDDP markers and 7.20 and 0.24, respectively, for the SRAP markers. Both markers classified all progenies and parents into three main clusters. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 83.00% and 91.25% of the total genetic variation occurred within clusters for CDDP and SRAP markers, respectively. The Mantel test indicated a statistically significant but weak negative correlation between the morphological matrix and both marker-based matrices. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt that uses these crossing programs and is evaluated by different molecular markers in Iraq to show genetic relationships among these petunia cultivars. These results can help guide future breeding efforts and the development of commercial petunia varieties in Iraq.</p>

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Morphological and Molecular Marker Analysis of F1 Hybrid Petunia Obtained from Two Cultivars via CDDP and SRAP Markers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Ashtekhwaz Ahmad Sharef,
  • Jamal Mahmood Faraj,
  • Kamaran Salh Rasul,
  • Haidar Anwar Arkwazee,
  • Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir

摘要

Petunia is admired for its aesthetic value and is widely cultivated as an ornamental flowering plant because of its globally recognized beauty. Thus, in the present study, a reciprocal cross was carried out by crossing two petunia cultivars (Red Frost and Blackberry) via two crossing programs: first, Red Frost as a female (♀) parent and Blackberry as a male (♂) parent; second, Blackberry as a female (♀) parent and Red Frost as a male (♂) parent. A total of 24 and 25 plants from the first and second cross, respectively, were randomly selected and grown to maturity. In both cases, the pollen colour was 67% creamy and 33% light purple. Nine and eleven different flower colours were produced in the first and second crossing programs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) classified all morphometric characteristics (flower colour, anther colour, flower diameter, peduncle length, number of flowers per plant, number of main branches per plant, plant height, and days to seed set after self-pollination) into four groups, whereas the ward dendrogram divided all progenies with parents into three clusters in both cases. Additionally, ten conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP) and ten sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were applied to assess genetic diversity and reveal the relationships between all offspring and their parents. The average number of polymorphic bands (NPB) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 6.60 and 0.17, respectively, for the CDDP markers and 7.20 and 0.24, respectively, for the SRAP markers. Both markers classified all progenies and parents into three main clusters. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 83.00% and 91.25% of the total genetic variation occurred within clusters for CDDP and SRAP markers, respectively. The Mantel test indicated a statistically significant but weak negative correlation between the morphological matrix and both marker-based matrices. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt that uses these crossing programs and is evaluated by different molecular markers in Iraq to show genetic relationships among these petunia cultivars. These results can help guide future breeding efforts and the development of commercial petunia varieties in Iraq.