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<p>Fig (<i>Ficus carica</i> L.), a globally important crop with ecological and economic value, exhibits considerable genetic variability influenced by environmental and anthropogenic factors. This study evaluated 20 fig genotypes collected from five distinct agro-ecological regions of Pakistan (Lodhran, Dera Ghazi Khan, Chakwal, Gilgit Baltistanand Mansehra) using multivariate analyses of morphological and biochemical traits to develop conservation and breeding strategies. Morphological traits such as fruit dimensions, shape, color, and leaf characteristics were assessed alongside biochemical parameters including carotenoids, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and sugars and proved diverse in selected genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that neck length, stalk width, fruit length, and peel thickness were the major contributors to morphological variation, while total flavonoids and sugars showed strong metabolic correlations. UPGMA clustering revealed distinct phenotypic groups, highlighting certain genotypes with maximum trait values. Additionally, 16 SSR primers amplified 55 loci, of which 85.45% were showed polymorphism, indicating significant genetic diversity. The MFC2 primer exhibited highest allelic diversity (0.492) and polymorphic information contents (0.461). These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers to assess genetic diversity, contributing valuable insights for fig breeding and germplasm conservation programs. Further studies incorporating broader genomic tools and environmental variables are suggested to expand understanding of genotype-environment relations in <i>F. carica</i>.</p>

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Morpho-Biochemical and SSR Marker-Based Genetic Diversity Assessment in Fig (Ficus carica) Genotypes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月23日

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  • Muhammad Shahid Mumtaz,
  • Muhammad Nafees,
  • Ishtiaq Ahmad,
  • Maryam,
  • Adel A. Rezk,
  • Jian Huang,
  • Rashid Iqbal

摘要

Fig (Ficus carica L.), a globally important crop with ecological and economic value, exhibits considerable genetic variability influenced by environmental and anthropogenic factors. This study evaluated 20 fig genotypes collected from five distinct agro-ecological regions of Pakistan (Lodhran, Dera Ghazi Khan, Chakwal, Gilgit Baltistanand Mansehra) using multivariate analyses of morphological and biochemical traits to develop conservation and breeding strategies. Morphological traits such as fruit dimensions, shape, color, and leaf characteristics were assessed alongside biochemical parameters including carotenoids, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, and sugars and proved diverse in selected genotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that neck length, stalk width, fruit length, and peel thickness were the major contributors to morphological variation, while total flavonoids and sugars showed strong metabolic correlations. UPGMA clustering revealed distinct phenotypic groups, highlighting certain genotypes with maximum trait values. Additionally, 16 SSR primers amplified 55 loci, of which 85.45% were showed polymorphism, indicating significant genetic diversity. The MFC2 primer exhibited highest allelic diversity (0.492) and polymorphic information contents (0.461). These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating morphological, biochemical, and molecular markers to assess genetic diversity, contributing valuable insights for fig breeding and germplasm conservation programs. Further studies incorporating broader genomic tools and environmental variables are suggested to expand understanding of genotype-environment relations in F. carica.