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<p>Histone readers, recognizing specific histone marks, play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Although multiple histone readers have been characterized, their role in epigenetic regulation remains elusive. In this study, we identified histone readers in sorghum, including PHD, Tudor, chromodomain, PWWP, BAH, CW-Zf, bromodomain, BRCT, and 14–3-3 proteins. Sorghum has developed more PHD proteins, such as Alfin-like (AL), including a unique clade discovered only in sorghum. Interestingly, the expression of these AL genes was exclusively observed in developing seeds consisting of pericarp, endosperm, and embryo. This suggests that these genes may have originated from a common ancestor and may potentially be involved in seed development. In addition, the potential histone readers were predicted based on whether the conserved aromatic residues for histone recognition are present in the protein. Finally, we confirmed that four nuclear-localized PHD proteins, <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> ALFIN-Like 1 (SbAL1), <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> inhibitor of growth 2 (SbING1), <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (SbEBS), and <i>Sorghum bicolor</i> SHORT LIFE(SbSHL), were able to bind H3K4me3 in vitro. Despite differences in their binding abilities, these proteins potentially serve as histone readers in sorghum.</p>

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Histone Readers in Sorghum: Identification, Evolution, and Characterization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月5日

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  • Fei Meng,
  • Gongjian Zeng,
  • Zhuying Deng,
  • Xiner Qin,
  • Xiangling Shen,
  • Yongfeng Hu

摘要

Histone readers, recognizing specific histone marks, play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. Although multiple histone readers have been characterized, their role in epigenetic regulation remains elusive. In this study, we identified histone readers in sorghum, including PHD, Tudor, chromodomain, PWWP, BAH, CW-Zf, bromodomain, BRCT, and 14–3-3 proteins. Sorghum has developed more PHD proteins, such as Alfin-like (AL), including a unique clade discovered only in sorghum. Interestingly, the expression of these AL genes was exclusively observed in developing seeds consisting of pericarp, endosperm, and embryo. This suggests that these genes may have originated from a common ancestor and may potentially be involved in seed development. In addition, the potential histone readers were predicted based on whether the conserved aromatic residues for histone recognition are present in the protein. Finally, we confirmed that four nuclear-localized PHD proteins, Sorghum bicolor ALFIN-Like 1 (SbAL1), Sorghum bicolor inhibitor of growth 2 (SbING1), Sorghum bicolor EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (SbEBS), and Sorghum bicolor SHORT LIFE(SbSHL), were able to bind H3K4me3 in vitro. Despite differences in their binding abilities, these proteins potentially serve as histone readers in sorghum.