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Background and aims <p>Grassland restoration measures are crucial for curbing global grassland degradation. However, there are no systematic conclusions on how these measures individually affect the main soil greenhouse gas (GHGs) fluxes, which limits our ability to comprehensively assess their ecological effects from the perspective of GHGs budgets.</p> Methods <p>In this study, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the effects of six common restoration measures (i.e., fencing, reduction of grazing intensity, mowing, fire, fertilization, and reseeding) on the fluxes of three major GHGs. The key drivers were revealed using meta-regression and boosted regression tree (BRT) models.</p> Results <p>Our synthesis quantified that fencing (RR-N<sub>2</sub>O = 0.233) and fertilization (RR-N<sub>2</sub>O = 0.750; RR-CO<sub>2</sub> = 0.100) stimulated N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, while mowing reduced N<sub>2</sub>O (RR = -0.105) and enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> uptake (d = -0.335). Reduced grazing enhanced CH<sub>4</sub> uptake (d = -0.466) but stimulated CO<sub>2</sub> (RR = 0.065). Fire stimulated both CO<sub>2</sub> (RR = 0.440) and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (d = 0.766). Crucially, the magnitude of these responses was context-dependent: for example, fertilization's CO<sub>2</sub> stimulation was neutralized in high-SOC soils, supporting the microbial nitrogen mining theory. BRT models identified distinct control hierarchies: N<sub>2</sub>O was dominated by soil moisture and restoration method, CH<sub>4</sub> by soil physicochemical properties, and CO<sub>2</sub> by climate and soil properties.</p> Conclusion <p>The climate impact of restoration is not universal but shaped by management-environment interactions. Achieving climate-smart restoration requires shifting from broad applications to precise, site-specific strategies aligned with local soil and climatic conditions.</p>

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Context-dependent responses of soil greenhouse gases to grassland restoration: A global meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Yu Zhang,
  • Xiaoqing Cui,
  • Hang Shi,
  • Zilong Liu,
  • Ying Li,
  • Zuyan Ma,
  • Shikui Dong

摘要

Background and aims

Grassland restoration measures are crucial for curbing global grassland degradation. However, there are no systematic conclusions on how these measures individually affect the main soil greenhouse gas (GHGs) fluxes, which limits our ability to comprehensively assess their ecological effects from the perspective of GHGs budgets.

Methods

In this study, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the effects of six common restoration measures (i.e., fencing, reduction of grazing intensity, mowing, fire, fertilization, and reseeding) on the fluxes of three major GHGs. The key drivers were revealed using meta-regression and boosted regression tree (BRT) models.

Results

Our synthesis quantified that fencing (RR-N2O = 0.233) and fertilization (RR-N2O = 0.750; RR-CO2 = 0.100) stimulated N2O and CO2 emissions, while mowing reduced N2O (RR = -0.105) and enhanced CH4 uptake (d = -0.335). Reduced grazing enhanced CH4 uptake (d = -0.466) but stimulated CO2 (RR = 0.065). Fire stimulated both CO2 (RR = 0.440) and CH4 emissions (d = 0.766). Crucially, the magnitude of these responses was context-dependent: for example, fertilization's CO2 stimulation was neutralized in high-SOC soils, supporting the microbial nitrogen mining theory. BRT models identified distinct control hierarchies: N2O was dominated by soil moisture and restoration method, CH4 by soil physicochemical properties, and CO2 by climate and soil properties.

Conclusion

The climate impact of restoration is not universal but shaped by management-environment interactions. Achieving climate-smart restoration requires shifting from broad applications to precise, site-specific strategies aligned with local soil and climatic conditions.