Background <p>Wood decomposition is a critical process in forest ecosystems and is controlled by recalcitrant components and nutrients (e.g., nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]), which vary between taxonomic divisions (i.e., angiosperm and gymnosperm). Under global change, external nutrient inputs may accelerate decomposition, but the interactive mechanisms by which wood taxonomic groups and nutrient types affect decomposition remain unclear.</p> Methods <p>We applied four nutrient addition treatments: unfertilized, N addition, P addition, and combined N and P addition. After three years of decomposition, we measured wood nutrient concentrations, enzyme activities, and decomposition rates to investigate how taxonomic groups and nutrient types interact to modulate microbial nutrient limitation and wood decomposition rates.</p> Results <p>Nutrient additions significantly accelerated decomposition by elevating wood N and P concentrations and by alleviating microbial P limitation. On average, P addition stimulated decomposition (+100%) more than N addition (+43%), and gymnosperms (+138%) were more sensitive to nutrient addition than angiosperms (+46%). The difference in nutrient sensitivity between two taxonomic groups was highly correlated with initial carbon (C) concentration and C quality index (<i>r</i> = 0.40 ~ 0.62), suggesting that the higher nutrient sensitivity of gymnosperms is explained by their higher C concentration and lower substrate quality.</p> Conclusion <p>Our findings highlight that wood taxonomic division regulates the effect of nutrient additions on wood decomposition, with greater sensitivity to nutrient addition in gymnosperms than in angiosperms. Given that the ranges of angiosperm tree species are expanding due to climate warming, this expansion may reduce C release from dead wood decomposition under nutrient deposition.</p>