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Aims <p>The biogeochemical process in the rhizosphere is a crucial yet underexplored mechanism in rare earth element (REE) phytoremediation. This study demonstrates how bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) coupled with plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs: <i>Serratia</i> sp., <i>Galactomyces</i> sp., <i>Trametes</i> sp.) drives this process during the remediation of REE tailings using <i>Solanum nigrum</i> L.</p> Methods <p>A two-month pot experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of BOF and PGPMs on the growth and metal accumulation of <i>Solanum nigrum</i> L. grown in REE tailings.</p> Results <p>The combined treatment (BOF-PGPM) increased plant dry biomass 22-fold and reduced the exchangeable REE fraction (e.g., Y) by 72–93%. Despite lower tissue concentrations, total Y accumulation increased seven&#xa0;fold. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of yttrium-bearing minerals, including yttrium fluoride oxalate hydrate and yttrium hydrogen phosphate hydrate, in the rhizosphere, which may be linked to this immobilization. Metabolomics identified enriched organic acids, such as 3-methylglutaric acid and 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, in the treated rhizosphere. While exogenous addition of these metabolites increased yttrium extractability, their in-situ presence coincided with reduced bioavailability.</p> Conclusions <p>This contradiction suggests that yttrium immobilization may involve complex rhizosphere processes.The formation of yttrium-bearing minerals, together with other rhizosphere biochemical and microbial processes, appeared to collectively contribute to reduced metal bioavailability as a biogeochemical process. Soil enzyme and microbiome analyses confirmed enhanced nutrient cycling and functional genera (e.g., <i>Sphingobacterium</i>, <i>Massilia</i>), supporting a synergistic rhizosphere environment that maximizes plant growth for resource recovery while immobilizing REEs.</p>

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Rhizosphere biogeochemical process drives yttrium immobilization during phytoremediation with microbe-organic amendments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Weiying Wang,
  • Lei Yang,
  • Kai Xiao,
  • Zhibin Zhang,
  • Riming Yan,
  • Du Zhu,
  • Yumei Jiang

摘要

Aims

The biogeochemical process in the rhizosphere is a crucial yet underexplored mechanism in rare earth element (REE) phytoremediation. This study demonstrates how bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) coupled with plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs: Serratia sp., Galactomyces sp., Trametes sp.) drives this process during the remediation of REE tailings using Solanum nigrum L.

Methods

A two-month pot experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of BOF and PGPMs on the growth and metal accumulation of Solanum nigrum L. grown in REE tailings.

Results

The combined treatment (BOF-PGPM) increased plant dry biomass 22-fold and reduced the exchangeable REE fraction (e.g., Y) by 72–93%. Despite lower tissue concentrations, total Y accumulation increased seven fold. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of yttrium-bearing minerals, including yttrium fluoride oxalate hydrate and yttrium hydrogen phosphate hydrate, in the rhizosphere, which may be linked to this immobilization. Metabolomics identified enriched organic acids, such as 3-methylglutaric acid and 5-formylfuran-2-carboxylic acid, in the treated rhizosphere. While exogenous addition of these metabolites increased yttrium extractability, their in-situ presence coincided with reduced bioavailability.

Conclusions

This contradiction suggests that yttrium immobilization may involve complex rhizosphere processes.The formation of yttrium-bearing minerals, together with other rhizosphere biochemical and microbial processes, appeared to collectively contribute to reduced metal bioavailability as a biogeochemical process. Soil enzyme and microbiome analyses confirmed enhanced nutrient cycling and functional genera (e.g., Sphingobacterium, Massilia), supporting a synergistic rhizosphere environment that maximizes plant growth for resource recovery while immobilizing REEs.