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Background <p>Ginsenoside-mediated autotoxicity is a key factor driving continuous cropping obstacles in Panax&#xa0;ginseng, yet its molecular and ecological mechanisms remain poorly understood.</p> Aims <p>This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the mechanisms of ginsenoside‑induced autotoxicity,&#xa0;covering biosynthesis, signaling networks, rhizosphere microbial interactions, and management strategies.</p> Methods <p>We systematically reviewed the literature on ginsenoside biosynthesis, signal transduction, rhizosphere&#xa0;microbiome dynamics, and mitigation strategies. A meta‑analysis of seven field experiments was performed to&#xa0;quantify the efficacy of microbial inoculants.</p> Results <p>Ginsenosides accumulate in soil via the mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate pathways and exert&#xa0;autotoxic effects through amphiphilic membrane disruption, ROS bursts, and Ca<sup>2+</sup> oscillations. These signals activate&#xa0;MAPK cascades and WRKY/MYB transcription factors, leading to hormonal reprogramming of JA, ABA, and SA&#xa0;networks that reallocate carbon and nitrogen from growth to defense. Post‑transcriptional regulation by miRNAs,&#xa0;circRNAs, and m<sup>6</sup>A modifications further modulates stress responses. In the rhizosphere, ginsenosides selectively&#xa0;enrich pathogens while suppressing beneficial microbes. Management strategies—including microbial degraders,&#xa0;biochar combined with organic fertilizers, soil disinfection, and crop rotation/intercropping—have shown variable&#xa0;efficacy. Meta‑analysis revealed that microbial inoculants significantly increased ginsenoside content (SMD = 2.22),&#xa0;enhanced seedling survival by 37%, and reduced root rot incidence by 47%.</p> Conclusion <p>Understanding the molecular network of ginsenoside‑mediated autotoxicity provides a foundation for&#xa0;developing integrated ecological management strategies. Future research should prioritize multi‑omics integration&#xa0;and synergistic management systems to overcome continuous cropping barriers and promote sustainable ginseng&#xa0;production.</p>

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Ginsenoside-mediated autotoxicity in Panax ginseng: Molecular mechanisms, rhizosphere interactions, and management strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Jiayi Xin,
  • Siyu Lan,
  • Chunyuan Zhu,
  • Tingting Zhou

摘要

Background

Ginsenoside-mediated autotoxicity is a key factor driving continuous cropping obstacles in Panax ginseng, yet its molecular and ecological mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Aims

This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the mechanisms of ginsenoside‑induced autotoxicity, covering biosynthesis, signaling networks, rhizosphere microbial interactions, and management strategies.

Methods

We systematically reviewed the literature on ginsenoside biosynthesis, signal transduction, rhizosphere microbiome dynamics, and mitigation strategies. A meta‑analysis of seven field experiments was performed to quantify the efficacy of microbial inoculants.

Results

Ginsenosides accumulate in soil via the mevalonic acid and methylerythritol phosphate pathways and exert autotoxic effects through amphiphilic membrane disruption, ROS bursts, and Ca2+ oscillations. These signals activate MAPK cascades and WRKY/MYB transcription factors, leading to hormonal reprogramming of JA, ABA, and SA networks that reallocate carbon and nitrogen from growth to defense. Post‑transcriptional regulation by miRNAs, circRNAs, and m6A modifications further modulates stress responses. In the rhizosphere, ginsenosides selectively enrich pathogens while suppressing beneficial microbes. Management strategies—including microbial degraders, biochar combined with organic fertilizers, soil disinfection, and crop rotation/intercropping—have shown variable efficacy. Meta‑analysis revealed that microbial inoculants significantly increased ginsenoside content (SMD = 2.22), enhanced seedling survival by 37%, and reduced root rot incidence by 47%.

Conclusion

Understanding the molecular network of ginsenoside‑mediated autotoxicity provides a foundation for developing integrated ecological management strategies. Future research should prioritize multi‑omics integration and synergistic management systems to overcome continuous cropping barriers and promote sustainable ginseng production.