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Background and aims <p>Phytomining can be used to extract gold from low-concentration sources, such as gold mine tailings. Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are known as heavy-metal hyperaccumulators. This research aimed to observe the morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of two duckweed species (<i>Landoltia punctata</i> and <i>Lemna aequinoctialis</i>) grown in media containing tailings and gold solution (HAuCl<sub>4</sub>) and to assess their gold accumulating capability.</p> Methods <p>The experiment was carried out by exposing <i>L. punctata</i> and <i>L. aequinoctialis</i> to 2.5 L of Hoagland’s solution treated by 0&#xa0;g (0%), 100&#xa0;g (4%), 250&#xa0;g (10%), 500&#xa0;g (20%) of tailings suspended by aqua regia, or by 0.7&#xa0;mM of HAuCl<sub>4</sub> (Au 138&#xa0;ppm). The treatments and observation were carried out in greenhouse conditions for 7&#xa0;days. The duckweeds were then harvested for morphological; anatomical; and physiological measurement, and gold accumulation analysis.</p> Results <p>A high content of tailing or Au treatment caused stunting growth in both duckweeds. Anatomical and physiological observations revealed that both duckweeds experienced heavy metal stress, indicated by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thinner fronds. <i>L. punctata</i> had superior ability to tolerate the stress based on the ability to increase ROS scavengers to countermeasure ROS production. In addition, under the highest tailing content (20%), <i>L. punctata</i> was still able to accumulate gold up to 1.7&#xa0;µg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> and produced higher gold nanoparticles&#xa0;with gold content reached 2.3% in media containing 138&#xa0;ppm Au.</p> Conclusions <p>The gold phytomining process caused stress in duckweeds. Nevertheless, both species have great potential as gold phytomining agents.</p>

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Morphophysiological characteristics of two duckweed species grown in gold mine tailings and HAuCl4 for phytomining purpose

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Rizki Maulana Yusuf,
  • Aurora Karina Chandra,
  • Miftahudin Miftahudin,
  • Dorly Dorly,
  • Awalina Satya,
  • Evi Susanti,
  • Hamim Hamim

摘要

Background and aims

Phytomining can be used to extract gold from low-concentration sources, such as gold mine tailings. Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are known as heavy-metal hyperaccumulators. This research aimed to observe the morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of two duckweed species (Landoltia punctata and Lemna aequinoctialis) grown in media containing tailings and gold solution (HAuCl4) and to assess their gold accumulating capability.

Methods

The experiment was carried out by exposing L. punctata and L. aequinoctialis to 2.5 L of Hoagland’s solution treated by 0 g (0%), 100 g (4%), 250 g (10%), 500 g (20%) of tailings suspended by aqua regia, or by 0.7 mM of HAuCl4 (Au 138 ppm). The treatments and observation were carried out in greenhouse conditions for 7 days. The duckweeds were then harvested for morphological; anatomical; and physiological measurement, and gold accumulation analysis.

Results

A high content of tailing or Au treatment caused stunting growth in both duckweeds. Anatomical and physiological observations revealed that both duckweeds experienced heavy metal stress, indicated by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thinner fronds. L. punctata had superior ability to tolerate the stress based on the ability to increase ROS scavengers to countermeasure ROS production. In addition, under the highest tailing content (20%), L. punctata was still able to accumulate gold up to 1.7 µg g−1 and produced higher gold nanoparticles with gold content reached 2.3% in media containing 138 ppm Au.

Conclusions

The gold phytomining process caused stress in duckweeds. Nevertheless, both species have great potential as gold phytomining agents.