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Aims <p>Pepper is an important nutritional and economic crop in China, yet it is severely threatened by pepper Phytophthora blight (PPB), which causes yield loss and plant death. Although biochar-immobilized microorganisms can control many crop diseases, the potential of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms against PPB remains unclear.</p> Methods <p>To explore the effects of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms on the growth and development of pepper, the composition of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and the control of PPB, this study first screened the optimal hydrochar by comparing the basic physicochemical properties, specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume, average pore diameter, and immobilization efficiency of hydrochars produced from three raw materials (mushroom residue, pig manure, <i>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</i> branches) via hydrothermal carbonization at different temperatures. Subsequently, a pot experiment was conducted with four treatments: control (CK), hydrochar only (H), microorganisms only (M), and hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms (HM).</p> Results <p>Hydrochar with higher SSA and pore volume presented superior microbial immobilization ability. Mushroom residue hydrochar (220&#xa0;°C)-immobilized microorganisms increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 63.1%, reduced PPB incidence to 2.7%, and achieved a control efficacy of 86.4%. This treatment effectively enriched <i>Monascus</i><i>, </i><i>Coniochaeta,</i> and <i>Sporocytophaga</i>. These genera participate in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, further promoting plant growth, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.</p> Conclusion <p>This study confirmed that high SSA hydrochar can efficiently immobilize microorganisms, significantly elevate SOM content, and markedly inhibit PPB. The findings provide a scientific basis for the application of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms in controlling this soil-borne disease.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Microorganisms immobilized on hydrochar with high specific surface area effectively reduce the incidence rate of pepper phytophthora blight

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Mengyang Sun,
  • Yafang Zhou,
  • Huashuai Wang,
  • Xiaozhong Wang,
  • Ran Xiao,
  • Dunyi Liu

摘要

Aims

Pepper is an important nutritional and economic crop in China, yet it is severely threatened by pepper Phytophthora blight (PPB), which causes yield loss and plant death. Although biochar-immobilized microorganisms can control many crop diseases, the potential of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms against PPB remains unclear.

Methods

To explore the effects of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms on the growth and development of pepper, the composition of rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and the control of PPB, this study first screened the optimal hydrochar by comparing the basic physicochemical properties, specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume, average pore diameter, and immobilization efficiency of hydrochars produced from three raw materials (mushroom residue, pig manure, Zanthoxylum bungeanum branches) via hydrothermal carbonization at different temperatures. Subsequently, a pot experiment was conducted with four treatments: control (CK), hydrochar only (H), microorganisms only (M), and hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms (HM).

Results

Hydrochar with higher SSA and pore volume presented superior microbial immobilization ability. Mushroom residue hydrochar (220 °C)-immobilized microorganisms increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 63.1%, reduced PPB incidence to 2.7%, and achieved a control efficacy of 86.4%. This treatment effectively enriched Monascus, Coniochaeta, and Sporocytophaga. These genera participate in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, further promoting plant growth, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that high SSA hydrochar can efficiently immobilize microorganisms, significantly elevate SOM content, and markedly inhibit PPB. The findings provide a scientific basis for the application of hydrochar-immobilized microorganisms in controlling this soil-borne disease.

Graphical Abstract