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Background and aims <p>The application of biochar and organic fertilizers in agricultural development is a promising strategy for enhancing resources and crop production. However, their combined effects on the nitrogen (N) supply–demand balance of soil–plant and crop productivity remain poorly understood.</p> Methods <p>A field-based experiment adopting maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and cabbage rotation was conducted in Liuyang City, China from 2013 to 2024. The experimental treatments included: (Ⅰ) no fertilizer (CK); (Ⅱ) chemical fertilizer only (CF); (Ⅲ) chemical fertilizer combined with biochar (BF); (Ⅳ) chemical fertilizer partially substituted with pig manure (20% of chemical N replaced, OF); and (Ⅴ) OF combined with biochar (BOF).</p> Results <p>Based on decade data, compared with CF, maize average yields exceeded 10%, 24%, and 34% under BF, OF, and BOF, and plant N uptake exceeded 24%, 28%, and 51%, respectively. Organically-amended soils had higher total N, available N, inorganic N (including transformable and non-transformable N), and organic N (e.g., microbial-derived N) than CF. However, the proportions of major N components to total N did not differ significantly among treatments. Maize yield was positively correlated with plant N uptake (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.67, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), both notably associated with major soil N components. Carbonate-bound N, total N, and microbial biomass N were identified as the main soil N forms influencing the yield and plant N uptake.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings highlight that the co-application of biochar and organic fertilizer more effectively improved crop productivity, which was closely linked to enhanced soil N supply capacity.</p>

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Enhancing maize productivity via biochar and organic fertilizer applications: evidence from decade-long field experiments on soil nitrogen pool dynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Jinmeng Hu,
  • Jiuhui Chen,
  • Jun Yi,
  • Pan Jiang,
  • Biao Sui,
  • Xiangmin Rong,
  • Yuping Zhang,
  • Jianwei Peng,
  • Gongwen Luo

摘要

Background and aims

The application of biochar and organic fertilizers in agricultural development is a promising strategy for enhancing resources and crop production. However, their combined effects on the nitrogen (N) supply–demand balance of soil–plant and crop productivity remain poorly understood.

Methods

A field-based experiment adopting maize (Zea mays L.) and cabbage rotation was conducted in Liuyang City, China from 2013 to 2024. The experimental treatments included: (Ⅰ) no fertilizer (CK); (Ⅱ) chemical fertilizer only (CF); (Ⅲ) chemical fertilizer combined with biochar (BF); (Ⅳ) chemical fertilizer partially substituted with pig manure (20% of chemical N replaced, OF); and (Ⅴ) OF combined with biochar (BOF).

Results

Based on decade data, compared with CF, maize average yields exceeded 10%, 24%, and 34% under BF, OF, and BOF, and plant N uptake exceeded 24%, 28%, and 51%, respectively. Organically-amended soils had higher total N, available N, inorganic N (including transformable and non-transformable N), and organic N (e.g., microbial-derived N) than CF. However, the proportions of major N components to total N did not differ significantly among treatments. Maize yield was positively correlated with plant N uptake (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001), both notably associated with major soil N components. Carbonate-bound N, total N, and microbial biomass N were identified as the main soil N forms influencing the yield and plant N uptake.

Conclusions

These findings highlight that the co-application of biochar and organic fertilizer more effectively improved crop productivity, which was closely linked to enhanced soil N supply capacity.