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Background and aims <p>Long-term intensive vegetable production degrades soil structure, alters microbial community composition, and induces imbalances between soil nutrient supply and demand, such as increased nitrate accumulation and reduced nutrient retention capacity. Although bio-organic fertilizer is widely regarded as an effective strategy for mitigating soil nutrient imbalances, its influence on microbial community and enzyme-mediated nutrient transformation processes at the aggregate scale is insufficiently understood.</p> Methods <p>Four fertilization treatments were compared in a seven-year field experiment: control (CK, without fertilization), chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), bio-organic fertilizer (BF), and chemical added bio-organic fertilizer (BNPK), to evaluate their effects on soil microbial community, enzyme activity, and nutrient dynamics.</p> Results <p>The findings demonstrated that BF and BNPK significantly increased soil aggregate stability (MWD, 50.0%–69.4%) and total nutrient contents (SOC, 59.0%–160.2%; TN, 16.2%–56.8%; TP, 30.2%–111.1%) in bulk soil and aggregate fractions, compared to the NPK treatment. Bio-organic fertilizer application altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities<b>,</b> characterized by the enrichment of <i>Pseudomonadota</i> and <i>Ascomycota</i> alongside a concomitant reduction in <i>Acidobacteriota</i> and <i>Basidiomycota</i>. Mantel analysis demonstrated that the relationships among microbial communities, extracellular enzyme activities, and nutrient contents were stronger in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The partial least squares model indicated that bio-organic fertilizer enhanced bacterial diversity in macroaggregates, thereby further promoting enzyme-mediated (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus enzyme) soil nutrient transformation processes.</p> Conclusion <p>Overall, bio-organic fertilizer promotes nutrient cycling through altering microbial communities and stimulating enzymatic activities within soil aggregates, thereby providing a robust pathway for the sustainable management of the intensive tomato production system.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bio-organic fertilizer regulates nutrient accumulation and microbial communities across soil aggregate in intensive vegetable production system

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月28日

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  • Lijun Ren,
  • Lili Dong,
  • Yanyu Han,
  • Qingfeng Fan,
  • Dan Wei,
  • Hongtao Zou,
  • Yulong Zhang

摘要

Background and aims

Long-term intensive vegetable production degrades soil structure, alters microbial community composition, and induces imbalances between soil nutrient supply and demand, such as increased nitrate accumulation and reduced nutrient retention capacity. Although bio-organic fertilizer is widely regarded as an effective strategy for mitigating soil nutrient imbalances, its influence on microbial community and enzyme-mediated nutrient transformation processes at the aggregate scale is insufficiently understood.

Methods

Four fertilization treatments were compared in a seven-year field experiment: control (CK, without fertilization), chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), bio-organic fertilizer (BF), and chemical added bio-organic fertilizer (BNPK), to evaluate their effects on soil microbial community, enzyme activity, and nutrient dynamics.

Results

The findings demonstrated that BF and BNPK significantly increased soil aggregate stability (MWD, 50.0%–69.4%) and total nutrient contents (SOC, 59.0%–160.2%; TN, 16.2%–56.8%; TP, 30.2%–111.1%) in bulk soil and aggregate fractions, compared to the NPK treatment. Bio-organic fertilizer application altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities, characterized by the enrichment of Pseudomonadota and Ascomycota alongside a concomitant reduction in Acidobacteriota and Basidiomycota. Mantel analysis demonstrated that the relationships among microbial communities, extracellular enzyme activities, and nutrient contents were stronger in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The partial least squares model indicated that bio-organic fertilizer enhanced bacterial diversity in macroaggregates, thereby further promoting enzyme-mediated (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus enzyme) soil nutrient transformation processes.

Conclusion

Overall, bio-organic fertilizer promotes nutrient cycling through altering microbial communities and stimulating enzymatic activities within soil aggregates, thereby providing a robust pathway for the sustainable management of the intensive tomato production system.

Graphical Abstract