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Background and Aims <p>Nitrogen deficiency is a common stress in agricultural soils, often coinciding with antibiotic residues that can impair crop growth and nutrient uptake. This study aimed to examine how the antibiotic roxithromycin (ROX) influences nitrate uptake, growth, and stress responses in wheat under nitrogen-deficient vs. nitrogen-sufficient conditions.</p> Methods <p>Wheat seedlings were grown hydroponically at normal (5&#xa0;mM) or low (2&#xa0;mM) nitrate supply with ROX treatments ranging from 0 to 10&#xa0;mg·L⁻<sup>1</sup>. Growth parameters (biomass, root morphology), net nitrate fluxes, and stress indicators (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme activity, nitrate reductase activity) were assessed.</p> Results <p>Under N deficiency, seedlings increased nitrate influx but showed reduced growth and lower nitrate assimilation enzyme activities compared to N-sufficient seedlings. ROX at 0.1&#xa0;mg·L⁻<sup>1</sup> slightly enhanced root growth, whereas ≥ 1&#xa0;mg·L⁻<sup>1</sup> progressively inhibited seedling growth and root development, with stronger inhibition under low N. At 10&#xa0;mg·L⁻<sup>1</sup>, root length and biomass declined significantly, more so in low-N plants. Increasing ROX also triggered oxidative stress, activated antioxidant enzymes, and suppressed nitrate reductase. Adequate N supply mitigated ROX toxicity, whereas N deficiency exacerbated growth inhibition and oxidative damage.</p> Conclusion <p>Roxithromycin disrupts wheat nitrate uptake and growth, especially under N-deficient conditions. Adequate N availability partly alleviates ROX-induced stress by supporting plant antioxidant defenses, whereas N-starved plants are more vulnerable to ROX toxicity. Soil nitrogen status thus strongly modulates the impact of antibiotic contaminants on crop physiology.</p>

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Roxithromycin disrupts nitrogen uptake and stress responses in wheat under nitrogen deficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Binbin Yu,
  • Yier Yang,
  • Keming Yang,
  • Chunyu Jiang,
  • Zefeng Yang,
  • Yiru Zhao,
  • Xiaoli Wang,
  • Beibei Shen,
  • Shaohu Ouyang,
  • Zhongzhi Chen

摘要

Background and Aims

Nitrogen deficiency is a common stress in agricultural soils, often coinciding with antibiotic residues that can impair crop growth and nutrient uptake. This study aimed to examine how the antibiotic roxithromycin (ROX) influences nitrate uptake, growth, and stress responses in wheat under nitrogen-deficient vs. nitrogen-sufficient conditions.

Methods

Wheat seedlings were grown hydroponically at normal (5 mM) or low (2 mM) nitrate supply with ROX treatments ranging from 0 to 10 mg·L⁻1. Growth parameters (biomass, root morphology), net nitrate fluxes, and stress indicators (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzyme activity, nitrate reductase activity) were assessed.

Results

Under N deficiency, seedlings increased nitrate influx but showed reduced growth and lower nitrate assimilation enzyme activities compared to N-sufficient seedlings. ROX at 0.1 mg·L⁻1 slightly enhanced root growth, whereas ≥ 1 mg·L⁻1 progressively inhibited seedling growth and root development, with stronger inhibition under low N. At 10 mg·L⁻1, root length and biomass declined significantly, more so in low-N plants. Increasing ROX also triggered oxidative stress, activated antioxidant enzymes, and suppressed nitrate reductase. Adequate N supply mitigated ROX toxicity, whereas N deficiency exacerbated growth inhibition and oxidative damage.

Conclusion

Roxithromycin disrupts wheat nitrate uptake and growth, especially under N-deficient conditions. Adequate N availability partly alleviates ROX-induced stress by supporting plant antioxidant defenses, whereas N-starved plants are more vulnerable to ROX toxicity. Soil nitrogen status thus strongly modulates the impact of antibiotic contaminants on crop physiology.