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Background <p>Long-term drip irrigation with reclaimed water (RW) can induce rhizosphere hypoxia, leading to soil structure degradation, reduced microbial activity, and lower crop productivity. To address this challenge, we conducted two-season pot experiments to evaluate the effects of micro and nanobubble oxygenation (MNBO) with RW on soil properties, microbial functions, and the growth of Chinese cabbage (<i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp. <i>chinensis</i> L.).</p> Method <p>Four treatments were employed: micro and nanobubble (MNB) coupling with reclaimed water (O-R), conventional drip irrigation with reclaimed water (N-R), MNB coupling with tap water (O-T), and conventional drip irrigation with tap water (N-T). Using advanced CT-3D imaging, wet-sieving, enzyme assays, ITS/16S sequencing, and structural equation modeling, we assessed soil physical, microbial, and plant parameters.</p> Results <p>MNBO increased soil porosity (~ 38%), water-stable macroaggregates (~ 53–54%), and absolute permeability (~ 88%). Additionally, it enhanced microbial respiration and community abundance, catalase and urease activities, and nitrate accumulation. These changes coincided with greater root length and biomass and higher shoot fresh and dry weights of Chinese cabbage.</p> Conclusion <p>Overall, these effects were strongest when MNBO was paired with RW, suggesting that increased dissolved oxygen and bubble-induced pore opening counteracted structural degradation associated with RW, while leveraging its nutrient content. The results support MNBO as a practical strategy to improve soil physical–biological coupling and crop performance under RW irrigation.</p>

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Micro and nanobubble-oxygenated reclaimed water improves soil structure, rhizosphere function, and Chinese cabbage productivity under drip irrigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Jinrui Liu,
  • Abdul Rahim Junejo,
  • Irfan Ahmed Shaikh,
  • Peng Li,
  • Wenquan Niu,
  • Hao Li

摘要

Background

Long-term drip irrigation with reclaimed water (RW) can induce rhizosphere hypoxia, leading to soil structure degradation, reduced microbial activity, and lower crop productivity. To address this challenge, we conducted two-season pot experiments to evaluate the effects of micro and nanobubble oxygenation (MNBO) with RW on soil properties, microbial functions, and the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.).

Method

Four treatments were employed: micro and nanobubble (MNB) coupling with reclaimed water (O-R), conventional drip irrigation with reclaimed water (N-R), MNB coupling with tap water (O-T), and conventional drip irrigation with tap water (N-T). Using advanced CT-3D imaging, wet-sieving, enzyme assays, ITS/16S sequencing, and structural equation modeling, we assessed soil physical, microbial, and plant parameters.

Results

MNBO increased soil porosity (~ 38%), water-stable macroaggregates (~ 53–54%), and absolute permeability (~ 88%). Additionally, it enhanced microbial respiration and community abundance, catalase and urease activities, and nitrate accumulation. These changes coincided with greater root length and biomass and higher shoot fresh and dry weights of Chinese cabbage.

Conclusion

Overall, these effects were strongest when MNBO was paired with RW, suggesting that increased dissolved oxygen and bubble-induced pore opening counteracted structural degradation associated with RW, while leveraging its nutrient content. The results support MNBO as a practical strategy to improve soil physical–biological coupling and crop performance under RW irrigation.