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Aims <p>This study investigated brackish water irrigation effects on tomato roots, soil properties, and microbial communities.</p> Methods <p>Tomato plants received four saline treatments (0–3&#xa0;g/L NaCl). Surface (0–10&#xa0;cm) and deep (10–20&#xa0;cm) soils were analyzed for physicochemical properties and microbial composition via high-throughput sequencing.</p> Results <p>Irrigation caused depth-dependent changes: surface soil showed significant variations, while deep soil remained stable. Root growth declined with salinity. Proteobacteria (26.29%) and Ascomycota (93.07%) dominated; fungal composition remained stable. Notably, bacterial α-diversity increased with salinity specifically in deep soil (peaking in T3), driven by salt-tolerant taxa enrichment. Bacterial assembly followed neutral processes, whereas fungi followed deterministic processes. Nitrogen/phosphorus drove bacterial communities, while organic matter (OM) governed fungi. Bacterial networks showed enhanced cooperation (76.07% positive connections in T2), contrasting with the reduced fungal connectivity under high salinity. Root topology correlated with Ascomycota abundance.</p> Conclusions <p>Long-term brackish water irrigation induces depth-dependent differentiation in soil properties and microbial communities. Bacteria and fungi adopt distinct salt stress adaptation strategies: bacteria restructure interaction networks and enrich salt-tolerant taxa in deeper layers, while fungi rely on dominant phylum (Ascomycota) stability. Nitrogen/phosphorus and organic matter are the key drivers for bacteria and fungi, respectively. This differential resilience provides insights for targeted soil management to maintain soil health in salinized agricultural ecosystems.</p>

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Rhizosphere microbial adaptation to salt stress in tomato under brackish water irrigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Jiayu Yang,
  • Yiyang Zhang,
  • Zhigang Li,
  • Yao Zhang,
  • Yu Tian,
  • Yanzhe Zhu,
  • Hua Ma,
  • Longguo Wu

摘要

Aims

This study investigated brackish water irrigation effects on tomato roots, soil properties, and microbial communities.

Methods

Tomato plants received four saline treatments (0–3 g/L NaCl). Surface (0–10 cm) and deep (10–20 cm) soils were analyzed for physicochemical properties and microbial composition via high-throughput sequencing.

Results

Irrigation caused depth-dependent changes: surface soil showed significant variations, while deep soil remained stable. Root growth declined with salinity. Proteobacteria (26.29%) and Ascomycota (93.07%) dominated; fungal composition remained stable. Notably, bacterial α-diversity increased with salinity specifically in deep soil (peaking in T3), driven by salt-tolerant taxa enrichment. Bacterial assembly followed neutral processes, whereas fungi followed deterministic processes. Nitrogen/phosphorus drove bacterial communities, while organic matter (OM) governed fungi. Bacterial networks showed enhanced cooperation (76.07% positive connections in T2), contrasting with the reduced fungal connectivity under high salinity. Root topology correlated with Ascomycota abundance.

Conclusions

Long-term brackish water irrigation induces depth-dependent differentiation in soil properties and microbial communities. Bacteria and fungi adopt distinct salt stress adaptation strategies: bacteria restructure interaction networks and enrich salt-tolerant taxa in deeper layers, while fungi rely on dominant phylum (Ascomycota) stability. Nitrogen/phosphorus and organic matter are the key drivers for bacteria and fungi, respectively. This differential resilience provides insights for targeted soil management to maintain soil health in salinized agricultural ecosystems.