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Background and Aims <p>Plants frequently encounter salinity stress throughout their life cycle. This study comprehensively elucidates the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) priming in regulating long-term salinity tolerance in wheat by modulating physio-biochemical and transcriptional attributes, leading to improved plant biomass.</p> Methods <p>Wheat seeds were primed with ZnO-NPs (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200&#xa0;mg/l) and grown in control (0&#xa0;mM) and salt stress (150&#xa0;mM).</p> Results <p>Findings demonstrated that priming with&#xa0;100&#xa0;mg/L of nano-sized ZnO maximally allowed it to easily penetrate and translocate throughout the plant tissues and cellular compartments, and reduced sodium (Na<sup>+</sup>) uptake by 24% in shoot and 21% in root under salt stress. Physiologically, ZnO-NPs priming alleviated salinity damage by improving photosynthesis-related traits such as stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intracellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), resulting in enhanced plant growth traits and glutathione content, while reduction in electrolyte leakage (EL) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It also promoted potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) uptake, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, and anatomical structure under saline condition. Additionally, ZnO-NPs upregulated the expression of <i>ZIP</i> gene family and simultaneously modulated the expression of salinity-responsive genes, including <i>SOS</i>, <i>NHX</i>, <i>RN</i> and <i>HKT</i>, which results in the activation of <i>AsA</i>-<i>GSH</i> pathway genes and photosynthesis-related genes, including <i>Psb27</i>, <i>Psb28</i>, <i>PsbQ</i>, <i>PsbP</i>, <i>Lhca5</i> and <i>Lhca6.</i></p> Conclusion <p>ZnO nano-priming advances our understanding of zinc translocation, accumulation and usage in wheat, and emerged as a most effective strategy for enhancing salt stress tolerance in cereal crops.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Zinc oxide nano-priming fortifies Triticum aestivum L. against salt stress through physio-morphological, biochemical and transcriptomic responses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Muhammad Ateeq,
  • Muhammad Azeem Ashraf,
  • Qingfeng Dong,
  • Hao Ren,
  • Tauqeer Ahmad Yasir,
  • Linzhou Huang,
  • Liang Chen,
  • Yin-Gang Hu

摘要

Background and Aims

Plants frequently encounter salinity stress throughout their life cycle. This study comprehensively elucidates the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) priming in regulating long-term salinity tolerance in wheat by modulating physio-biochemical and transcriptional attributes, leading to improved plant biomass.

Methods

Wheat seeds were primed with ZnO-NPs (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l) and grown in control (0 mM) and salt stress (150 mM).

Results

Findings demonstrated that priming with 100 mg/L of nano-sized ZnO maximally allowed it to easily penetrate and translocate throughout the plant tissues and cellular compartments, and reduced sodium (Na+) uptake by 24% in shoot and 21% in root under salt stress. Physiologically, ZnO-NPs priming alleviated salinity damage by improving photosynthesis-related traits such as stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intracellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), resulting in enhanced plant growth traits and glutathione content, while reduction in electrolyte leakage (EL) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It also promoted potassium (K+) uptake, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, and anatomical structure under saline condition. Additionally, ZnO-NPs upregulated the expression of ZIP gene family and simultaneously modulated the expression of salinity-responsive genes, including SOS, NHX, RN and HKT, which results in the activation of AsA-GSH pathway genes and photosynthesis-related genes, including Psb27, Psb28, PsbQ, PsbP, Lhca5 and Lhca6.

Conclusion

ZnO nano-priming advances our understanding of zinc translocation, accumulation and usage in wheat, and emerged as a most effective strategy for enhancing salt stress tolerance in cereal crops.

Graphical Abstract