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Background and aims <p>Phosphorus (P) limitation in semi-arid Mediterranean soils, driven by low organic matter, high pH, and strong fixation, severely constrains crop productivity. <b>Methods</b> A two-year field experiment (2020–2021 and 2021–2022) in southern Tunisia was conducted to evaluate the effects of durum wheat–chickpea intercropping on soil P availability, rhizosphere enzymatic activity, and plant P uptake. Treatments included durum wheat (DW) and chickpea (CK) monocultures and their intercrops (DWi, CKi).</p> Results <p>Intercropping increased total soil P significantly (DWi: 31.06&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>; CKi: 28.65&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>) compared with monocultures (DW: 17.63&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>; bulk soil: 9.14&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup>). Olsen P increased by 52–54% in CKi and 10–15% in DWi, with additional increases during the second year. Biomass production improved substantially, with DWi shoots reaching 17.0–19.5&#xa0;g&#xa0;m⁻<sup>2</sup> (+ 102–114%) and CKi shoot P concentration increasing to 357–387&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup> (+ 65–83%). Root biomass also increased (DWi: 9.0–12.0&#xa0;g&#xa0;m⁻<sup>2</sup>), while CKi roots accumulated 227–248&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg⁻<sup>1</sup> P. The land equivalent ratio exceeded unity (1.75–1.78), indicating superior land-use efficiency. Acid phosphatase and phytase activities correlated positively with soil P, organic carbon, and biomass.</p> Conclusions <p>Durum wheat–chickpea intercropping improved soil P dynamics, enzymatic activity, and plant productivity, representing a nutrient-efficient and sustainable approach for semi-arid Mediterranean agroecosystems.</p>

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Synergistic effects of durum wheat–chickpea intercropping on phosphorus mobilization, rhizosphere enzymatic activity, and agroecosystem productivity in semi-arid Mediterranean soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月24日

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  • Amira Souid,
  • Wissem Hamdi,
  • Amal Attallah,
  • Boulbaba Louhichi,
  • Boulbaba L’taief,
  • Salah Jellali,
  • Hajji-Hedfi Lobna,
  • Mohammed O. Alshaharni,
  • Uthman Balgith Algopishi,
  • Mohamed Farissi

摘要

Background and aims

Phosphorus (P) limitation in semi-arid Mediterranean soils, driven by low organic matter, high pH, and strong fixation, severely constrains crop productivity. Methods A two-year field experiment (2020–2021 and 2021–2022) in southern Tunisia was conducted to evaluate the effects of durum wheat–chickpea intercropping on soil P availability, rhizosphere enzymatic activity, and plant P uptake. Treatments included durum wheat (DW) and chickpea (CK) monocultures and their intercrops (DWi, CKi).

Results

Intercropping increased total soil P significantly (DWi: 31.06 mg kg⁻1; CKi: 28.65 mg kg⁻1) compared with monocultures (DW: 17.63 mg kg⁻1; bulk soil: 9.14 mg kg⁻1). Olsen P increased by 52–54% in CKi and 10–15% in DWi, with additional increases during the second year. Biomass production improved substantially, with DWi shoots reaching 17.0–19.5 g m⁻2 (+ 102–114%) and CKi shoot P concentration increasing to 357–387 mg kg⁻1 (+ 65–83%). Root biomass also increased (DWi: 9.0–12.0 g m⁻2), while CKi roots accumulated 227–248 mg kg⁻1 P. The land equivalent ratio exceeded unity (1.75–1.78), indicating superior land-use efficiency. Acid phosphatase and phytase activities correlated positively with soil P, organic carbon, and biomass.

Conclusions

Durum wheat–chickpea intercropping improved soil P dynamics, enzymatic activity, and plant productivity, representing a nutrient-efficient and sustainable approach for semi-arid Mediterranean agroecosystems.