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Background <p>Since the first description of an <i>Azospirillum</i>-like bacterium in 1925 by Martinus Beijerinck in The Netherlands, this genus has become a cornerstone of plant–microbe interactions and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Over the past century, <i>Azospirillum</i> has been extensively studied for its ability to promote plant growth, enhance stress tolerance, and contribute to nutrient acquisition, particularly in cereals and legumes. These functions are mediated by multiple mechanisms, including nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, and the modulation of the root architecture by effector molecules.</p> Scope <p>This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the historical and current research on <i>Azospirillum</i> and its impact in agriculture and beyond. It explores its taxonomic expansion, physiological versatility, genetic manipulation, and interactions with plant hosts and other microorganisms. It also examines its agronomical impact on extensive and intensive cropping systems, both individually and mixed in microbial consortia. Advances in formulation technologies and regulatory frameworks for commercial inoculants are discussed, as well as cutting-edge tools such as artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration that are reshaping how we understand and deploy this bacterium. Beyond agriculture, <i>Azospirillum</i> has proven valuable in environmental contexts such as revegetation of degraded lands, bioremediation of contaminated soils, and ecological restoration in arid zones. Its capacity to colonize diverse hosts, survive extreme conditions, and contribute to ecosystem processes underscores its potential far beyond agriculture.</p> Conclusion <p>One hundred years after its first scientific mention, <i>Azospirillum</i> remains not only relevant but also vital. As the world moves toward more sustainable agricultural and ecological systems, this review reaffirms the legacy and promise of this genus.</p>

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A century of research on Azospirillum and still so much to discover

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Fabricio Cassán,
  • Guillermo Maroniche,
  • Verónica Massena Reis,
  • Rafael Mazer Etto,
  • Gabriele Bellotti,
  • Gladys Alexandre,
  • Daniela Torres,
  • Sofia Nievas,
  • Anil Kumar Tripathi,
  • Rebeca Perez,
  • Emanuel Maltempi de Souza,
  • Ernesto García Pineda,
  • Raúl Pedraza,
  • Elda María Beltran Peña,
  • Maria Gureeva,
  • Claire Prigent-Combaret,
  • Martín Díaz-Zorita,
  • Santiago Adolfo Vio,
  • Maddalena Del Gallo,
  • Victor Hugo Buttrós,
  • Fabio de Oliveira Pedrosa,
  • Mariana Puente,
  • Julia Elena García,
  • Blanca López,
  • Oskar Palacios,
  • Florence Wisniewski-Dyé,
  • Luz de-Bashan

摘要

Background

Since the first description of an Azospirillum-like bacterium in 1925 by Martinus Beijerinck in The Netherlands, this genus has become a cornerstone of plant–microbe interactions and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Over the past century, Azospirillum has been extensively studied for its ability to promote plant growth, enhance stress tolerance, and contribute to nutrient acquisition, particularly in cereals and legumes. These functions are mediated by multiple mechanisms, including nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, and the modulation of the root architecture by effector molecules.

Scope

This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the historical and current research on Azospirillum and its impact in agriculture and beyond. It explores its taxonomic expansion, physiological versatility, genetic manipulation, and interactions with plant hosts and other microorganisms. It also examines its agronomical impact on extensive and intensive cropping systems, both individually and mixed in microbial consortia. Advances in formulation technologies and regulatory frameworks for commercial inoculants are discussed, as well as cutting-edge tools such as artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration that are reshaping how we understand and deploy this bacterium. Beyond agriculture, Azospirillum has proven valuable in environmental contexts such as revegetation of degraded lands, bioremediation of contaminated soils, and ecological restoration in arid zones. Its capacity to colonize diverse hosts, survive extreme conditions, and contribute to ecosystem processes underscores its potential far beyond agriculture.

Conclusion

One hundred years after its first scientific mention, Azospirillum remains not only relevant but also vital. As the world moves toward more sustainable agricultural and ecological systems, this review reaffirms the legacy and promise of this genus.