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Background and aims <p>Coastal wetland restoration brought wide vegetation replacement, yet how these changes regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions via complex soil–microbial interactions remained unclear. This study explores how artificial vegetation replacement in a subtropical estuary affects soil properties, microbial community structure and function, GHG fluxes and tries to discuss how they interact in winter.</p> Methods <p>We collected samples in the Jiulong River Estuary in winter, where native <i>Cyperus malaccensis</i>, introduced <i>Phragmites australis</i> and <i>Sonneratia apetala</i> coexisted. Measurements included soil properties, litter nutrients, GHG emissions. Microbial communities were analyzed via 16S/ITS sequencing and microbial functions were analyzed via metagenome sequencing.</p> Results <p>Vegetation type significantly altered soil pH, total phosphorus, and C- and P-cycle enzyme activities. Soil of <i>Cyperus malaccensis</i> and <i>Sonneratia apetala</i>, which had higher-quality litter, supported higher C- and P-cycle enzyme activities. Litter nutrients were also relevant with bacterial and fungal structure(network parameters and α diversity), which correlated with CO₂ and N₂O fluxes. For GHG emissions throughout the winter, <i>P. australis</i> marshes soil exhibited the lowest N₂O emissions despite high abundance of denitrifiers according to FAPROTAX annotation, which was associated with higher soil pH and increased abundance of the N₂O-reducing nosZ gene.</p> Conclusion <p>Artificial vegetation replacement regulates GHG emissions through litter quality, soil properties, and microbial structure. <i>Phragmites australis</i> reduces N₂O via higher soil pH and nosZ abundance, whereas <i>Cyperus malaccensis</i> and <i>Sonneratia apetala</i> enhance N₂O production through increased phosphorus and bacterial network complexity. Vegetation selection is critical for balancing wetland restoration and climate mitigation.</p>

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Vegetation replacement drives changes in soil properties and microbial community, influencing greenhouse gas emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月18日

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  • Pingping Lin,
  • Wenzhi Cao,
  • Feifei Wang,
  • Shengchang Yang

摘要

Background and aims

Coastal wetland restoration brought wide vegetation replacement, yet how these changes regulate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions via complex soil–microbial interactions remained unclear. This study explores how artificial vegetation replacement in a subtropical estuary affects soil properties, microbial community structure and function, GHG fluxes and tries to discuss how they interact in winter.

Methods

We collected samples in the Jiulong River Estuary in winter, where native Cyperus malaccensis, introduced Phragmites australis and Sonneratia apetala coexisted. Measurements included soil properties, litter nutrients, GHG emissions. Microbial communities were analyzed via 16S/ITS sequencing and microbial functions were analyzed via metagenome sequencing.

Results

Vegetation type significantly altered soil pH, total phosphorus, and C- and P-cycle enzyme activities. Soil of Cyperus malaccensis and Sonneratia apetala, which had higher-quality litter, supported higher C- and P-cycle enzyme activities. Litter nutrients were also relevant with bacterial and fungal structure(network parameters and α diversity), which correlated with CO₂ and N₂O fluxes. For GHG emissions throughout the winter, P. australis marshes soil exhibited the lowest N₂O emissions despite high abundance of denitrifiers according to FAPROTAX annotation, which was associated with higher soil pH and increased abundance of the N₂O-reducing nosZ gene.

Conclusion

Artificial vegetation replacement regulates GHG emissions through litter quality, soil properties, and microbial structure. Phragmites australis reduces N₂O via higher soil pH and nosZ abundance, whereas Cyperus malaccensis and Sonneratia apetala enhance N₂O production through increased phosphorus and bacterial network complexity. Vegetation selection is critical for balancing wetland restoration and climate mitigation.