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Aims <p>In recent years, water retaining agent (WRA) has been widely used in water-saving agriculture. The application of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (BS) reduces the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, BS and WRA were applied together to investigate the promotion of nutrient uptake in wheat.</p> Methods <p>We combined physiological indicators with metabolomic analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate the effects of co-application on wheat flag leaf metabolome, plant nutrient content and inter-root soil bacterial diversity under pot planting conditions. The experiment was set up with four treatments: control (CK); application of BS (T1); application of WRA (T2); and co-application of WRA and BS (T3).</p> Results <p>The results showed that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of wheat spikes in the T3 treatment at the filling stage were significantly higher than those of CK by 4.62%, 8.34% and 18.15%, respectively.The soil bacterial diversity of the T1, T2 and T3 treatments was higher than that of CK, with the best performance in the T3 treatment. T3 treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during the filling period was significantly reduced by 19.46%, 8.07%, and 9.85% compared with CK, T1, and T2, respectively. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways in T3 treatment, including ABC transporters and amino acid biosynthesis.</p> Conclusions <p>The combined application of BS and WRA synergistically promoted wheat nutrient absorption by modulating flag leaf metabolic pathways, improving rhizobacterial diversity, and enhancing plant antioxidant capacity, thereby providing novel insights for sustainable agricultural development.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Note: This figure shows a pattern diagram of the effects of co-application of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and water retaining agent on wheat. The blue arrows indicate the promoting effect. Red arrows indicate upregulation, and green arrows indicate downregulation. BS indicates Bacillus subtilis and WRA indicates water retaining agent.</p> <p></p>

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Modulation of wheat flag leaf metabolome and inter-root microorganisms by Bacillus subtilis and water retaining agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月19日

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  • Xiaoqing Yuan,
  • Pengfei Zhu,
  • Yan Shi

摘要

Aims

In recent years, water retaining agent (WRA) has been widely used in water-saving agriculture. The application of Bacillus subtilis (BS) reduces the use of fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, BS and WRA were applied together to investigate the promotion of nutrient uptake in wheat.

Methods

We combined physiological indicators with metabolomic analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate the effects of co-application on wheat flag leaf metabolome, plant nutrient content and inter-root soil bacterial diversity under pot planting conditions. The experiment was set up with four treatments: control (CK); application of BS (T1); application of WRA (T2); and co-application of WRA and BS (T3).

Results

The results showed that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of wheat spikes in the T3 treatment at the filling stage were significantly higher than those of CK by 4.62%, 8.34% and 18.15%, respectively.The soil bacterial diversity of the T1, T2 and T3 treatments was higher than that of CK, with the best performance in the T3 treatment. T3 treatment significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content during the filling period was significantly reduced by 19.46%, 8.07%, and 9.85% compared with CK, T1, and T2, respectively. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways in T3 treatment, including ABC transporters and amino acid biosynthesis.

Conclusions

The combined application of BS and WRA synergistically promoted wheat nutrient absorption by modulating flag leaf metabolic pathways, improving rhizobacterial diversity, and enhancing plant antioxidant capacity, thereby providing novel insights for sustainable agricultural development.

Graphical abstract

Note: This figure shows a pattern diagram of the effects of co-application of Bacillus subtilis and water retaining agent on wheat. The blue arrows indicate the promoting effect. Red arrows indicate upregulation, and green arrows indicate downregulation. BS indicates Bacillus subtilis and WRA indicates water retaining agent.