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Aims <p>To clarify how peanut–wheat rotation (PW) reshapes soil nitrogen-cycling microorganisms and the resulting legacy on nitrogen availability to wheat, relative to the conventional wheat–maize rotation (MW).</p> Methods <p>A three-year field experiment monitored PW and MW plots. Soils were sampled at wheat sowing and heading stages and subjected to metagenomic sequencing to quantify nitrogen-cycle genes and associated microbial taxa.</p> Results <p>Our metagenomic results revealed that legume-based rotation fundamentally reshaped the soil nitrogen cycle. At the wheat sowing stage, the PW significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen by 142% and nitrate nitrogen by 16% compared to the conventional MW. This initial nitrogen advantage was followed by a dynamic shift: by the heading stage, PW soils showed a 23% reduction in ammonium content without a decline in nitrate nitrogen, coinciding with a 40.42&#xa0;kg·ha⁻<sup>1</sup> increase in wheat nitrogen uptake. This nitrogen transformation pattern was driven by profound changes in microbial functional genetics. PW specifically enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria <i>Nitrosospira</i> and <i>Caldinitratiruptor</i>, increasing the key nitrification gene <i>amoA</i> abundance by 32.2–74.7% across growth stages. Concurrently, PW suppressed the denitrification pathway, reducing <i>narG</i> gene abundance by 11.4–15.3% through depletion of denitrifiers <i>Gaiella</i> and <i>Nocardioides</i>. The nitrogen cycle restructuring was primarily driven by soil pH (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.664, p = 0.003) and inorganic nitrogen availability, creating a feedback loop that sustained nitrogen cycling efficiency.</p> Conclusions <p>Incorporating legumes into the wheat–maize system shifts the soil microbiome toward enhanced nitrification and reduced denitrification potential, thereby increasing nitrate supply to wheat and providing a microbial avenue to enhance rotational nitrogen efficiency.</p>

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Metagenomic analysis reveal the influence of peanut and wheat rotation on the functional genes associated with soil nitrogen cycling and nitrogen availability during the wheat growth period

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Hao Wang,
  • Mingxue Du,
  • Xinyu Li,
  • Shulan Wang,
  • Qinghua Yang

摘要

Aims

To clarify how peanut–wheat rotation (PW) reshapes soil nitrogen-cycling microorganisms and the resulting legacy on nitrogen availability to wheat, relative to the conventional wheat–maize rotation (MW).

Methods

A three-year field experiment monitored PW and MW plots. Soils were sampled at wheat sowing and heading stages and subjected to metagenomic sequencing to quantify nitrogen-cycle genes and associated microbial taxa.

Results

Our metagenomic results revealed that legume-based rotation fundamentally reshaped the soil nitrogen cycle. At the wheat sowing stage, the PW significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen by 142% and nitrate nitrogen by 16% compared to the conventional MW. This initial nitrogen advantage was followed by a dynamic shift: by the heading stage, PW soils showed a 23% reduction in ammonium content without a decline in nitrate nitrogen, coinciding with a 40.42 kg·ha⁻1 increase in wheat nitrogen uptake. This nitrogen transformation pattern was driven by profound changes in microbial functional genetics. PW specifically enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrosospira and Caldinitratiruptor, increasing the key nitrification gene amoA abundance by 32.2–74.7% across growth stages. Concurrently, PW suppressed the denitrification pathway, reducing narG gene abundance by 11.4–15.3% through depletion of denitrifiers Gaiella and Nocardioides. The nitrogen cycle restructuring was primarily driven by soil pH (r2 = 0.664, p = 0.003) and inorganic nitrogen availability, creating a feedback loop that sustained nitrogen cycling efficiency.

Conclusions

Incorporating legumes into the wheat–maize system shifts the soil microbiome toward enhanced nitrification and reduced denitrification potential, thereby increasing nitrate supply to wheat and providing a microbial avenue to enhance rotational nitrogen efficiency.