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Background <p>While Rare Earth Elements (REEs) elicit a biphasic dose–response curve in plants—stimulating growth at low concentrations but inhibiting it at high ones—their underlying mechanisms of action remain understudied. Critical gaps remain regarding the specificity of REE-induced effects and the underlying molecular and physiological pathways, particularly in comparison with other trace elements.</p> Scope <p>This review systematically examines the mechanisms of REE-mediated growth promotion in plants, with a focus on distinguishing between shared responses with both essential and non-essential trace elements and potentially unique REE-specific pathways.</p> Conclusions <p>Plant-response thresholds to REEs are comparable to those of the essential element Zn but exceed those of non-essential trace elements. We identify both non-REE-specific pathways (such as enhanced nutrient uptake and improved enzymatic activity) and two putative REE-specific mechanisms: (i) direct involvement in physiological processes through substitution of calcium and magnesium; (ii) indirect growth regulation mediated by dominant phyllosphere REE-dependent methylotrophs—<i>Methylobacterium</i> spp. We conclude by highlighting key research priorities, including the need to validate substitution mechanisms in vivo, quantify the ecological contribution of REE-driven methylotrophy, and clarify the molecular basis of REE-plant interactions across concentration gradients.</p>

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The effect of rare earth elements (REEs) on plant growth promotion: a review on mechanisms and the role of REE-dependent methylotrophs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Chang-Dong Liu,
  • Jia-Chen Zhao,
  • Wen-Shen Liu,
  • Antony van der Ent,
  • Rong-Liang Qiu,
  • Jean Louis Morel,
  • Ye-Tao Tang

摘要

Background

While Rare Earth Elements (REEs) elicit a biphasic dose–response curve in plants—stimulating growth at low concentrations but inhibiting it at high ones—their underlying mechanisms of action remain understudied. Critical gaps remain regarding the specificity of REE-induced effects and the underlying molecular and physiological pathways, particularly in comparison with other trace elements.

Scope

This review systematically examines the mechanisms of REE-mediated growth promotion in plants, with a focus on distinguishing between shared responses with both essential and non-essential trace elements and potentially unique REE-specific pathways.

Conclusions

Plant-response thresholds to REEs are comparable to those of the essential element Zn but exceed those of non-essential trace elements. We identify both non-REE-specific pathways (such as enhanced nutrient uptake and improved enzymatic activity) and two putative REE-specific mechanisms: (i) direct involvement in physiological processes through substitution of calcium and magnesium; (ii) indirect growth regulation mediated by dominant phyllosphere REE-dependent methylotrophs—Methylobacterium spp. We conclude by highlighting key research priorities, including the need to validate substitution mechanisms in vivo, quantify the ecological contribution of REE-driven methylotrophy, and clarify the molecular basis of REE-plant interactions across concentration gradients.