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Background and aims <p>Soil and enzymatic stoichiometry are associated with microbial resource limitations. However, large-scale empirical evidence on how C:N:P stoichiometry in agricultural soils responds to fertilization remains limited. </p> Methods <p>We investigated soil and enzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry across a climate gradient (covering mid-temperate, warm-temperate, and subtropical zones) using 12 long-term fertilization trials including chemical NPK, organic amendments, and combined treatments..</p> Results <p>Climate and fertilization interacted significantly to shape stoichiometric patterns. Mid-temperate zones exhibited higher soil and enzymatic C:N and C:P ratios than warmer regions. Fertilization, particularly organic amendment, reduced soil C:P and N:P ratios but did not significantly alter enzymatic stoichiometry. Vector analysis based on enzyme activities indicated stronger microbial C limitation in mid-temperate zones and predominant P limitation in subtropical zones. While fertilization did not alleviate C limitation, organic amendments reduced P limitation compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. Climate and soil properties explained approximately 52% of the variance in microbial C limitation and 63% in P limitation. Structural equation modeling identified mean annual temperature (MAT) as the primary driver of C limitation, whereas both MAT and fertilization regulated P limitation.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings underscore the need for climate-aware fertilization strategies to modulate microbial resource limitations and enhance soil fertility in intensively managed croplands.</p>

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Soil and enzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry response to carbon and nutrient input: evidence from long-term fertilization experiments

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Qiong Xiao,
  • Yaping Huang,
  • Guoping Chen,
  • Kailou Liu,
  • Yu Jiang,
  • Boku Zhou,
  • Ping Zhu,
  • Xiaori Han,
  • Junyong Ma,
  • Shutang Liu,
  • Shaomin Huang,
  • Aijun Zhang,
  • Jidong Wang,
  • Keke Hua,
  • Dongchu Li,
  • Minggang Xu,
  • Wenju Zhang

摘要

Background and aims

Soil and enzymatic stoichiometry are associated with microbial resource limitations. However, large-scale empirical evidence on how C:N:P stoichiometry in agricultural soils responds to fertilization remains limited.

Methods

We investigated soil and enzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry across a climate gradient (covering mid-temperate, warm-temperate, and subtropical zones) using 12 long-term fertilization trials including chemical NPK, organic amendments, and combined treatments..

Results

Climate and fertilization interacted significantly to shape stoichiometric patterns. Mid-temperate zones exhibited higher soil and enzymatic C:N and C:P ratios than warmer regions. Fertilization, particularly organic amendment, reduced soil C:P and N:P ratios but did not significantly alter enzymatic stoichiometry. Vector analysis based on enzyme activities indicated stronger microbial C limitation in mid-temperate zones and predominant P limitation in subtropical zones. While fertilization did not alleviate C limitation, organic amendments reduced P limitation compared to chemical fertilizer treatments. Climate and soil properties explained approximately 52% of the variance in microbial C limitation and 63% in P limitation. Structural equation modeling identified mean annual temperature (MAT) as the primary driver of C limitation, whereas both MAT and fertilization regulated P limitation.

Conclusion

These findings underscore the need for climate-aware fertilization strategies to modulate microbial resource limitations and enhance soil fertility in intensively managed croplands.