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Background and Aims <p>Over the past two decades, the rising introduction of certain nanoparticles into soil through production, consumption, and waste disposal has sparked concerns over their environmental impact. These nano-pollutants pose risks to soil health, plants, and humans. Research now focuses on understanding nanoparticle interactions with plants and microorganisms, crucial for remediating nanoparticle-contaminated soils and ensuring sustainable agriculture. This study investigates the effects of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) on alfalfa growth and the potential of mycorrhizas/rhizobia symbiotic associations to mitigate nanoparticle-induced stress.</p> Methods <p>A 60-day pot experiment was conducted using CdS-NPs at 0, 100, 200, and 350 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> soil. Bacterium <i>Ensifer meliloti</i> (applied as a seed coating) and arbuscular&#xa0;mycorrhizal&#xa0;fungi (AMF) of <i>Rhizophagus intraradices</i> (applied through deep placement) were applied separately and in combination (<i>R. intraradices</i> + <i>E. meliloti</i>).</p> Results <p>The results revealed a strong negative correlation (r ≥ -0.90) between CdS-NPs and plant growth indices. At 350 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> soil, CdS-NPs caused the highest reductions in root volume (73%), leaf area (39%), root-to-shoot ratio (84%), chlorophyll pigments (21%), carotenoids (24%), relative water content (42%), and protein content (43%) compared to the CdS-NP-free treatments. The reductions were less pronounced at 200 and 100 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>, indicating a concentration-dependent decline and confirming the phytotoxic effects of CdS-NPs as a toxic substance to plants. Conversely, electrolyte leakage and the activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and catalase increased by 39%, 6.8- and 9.8-fold, respectively, compared to the CdS-NP-free treatment. A positive correlation (r ≥ 0.89) between CdS-NPs and these stress indicators further supported these findings. Compared to the non-inoculated, microbial inoculation enhanced plant growth at all CdS-NPs levels, with dual inoculation having the most pronounced positive effect, particularly at 350 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>. While bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective than fungal inoculation, no significant difference was found between them in most indices.</p> Conclusion <p>Microbial inoculation mitigates CdS-NPs toxicity in alfalfa, highlighting its potential for reducing nanoparticle stress in plants. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.</p>

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Mitigating nano-pollution in alfalfa plants: the role of mycorrhizal/rhizobial symbioses in soil against cadmium sulfide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月16日

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  • AmirPouya Sojoudi,
  • Ali Ashraf  Soltani Toularoud,
  • Esmaiel Goli Kalanpa,
  • Ali Nematollahzadeh,
  • Tohid Rouhi-Kelarlou

摘要

Background and Aims

Over the past two decades, the rising introduction of certain nanoparticles into soil through production, consumption, and waste disposal has sparked concerns over their environmental impact. These nano-pollutants pose risks to soil health, plants, and humans. Research now focuses on understanding nanoparticle interactions with plants and microorganisms, crucial for remediating nanoparticle-contaminated soils and ensuring sustainable agriculture. This study investigates the effects of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) on alfalfa growth and the potential of mycorrhizas/rhizobia symbiotic associations to mitigate nanoparticle-induced stress.

Methods

A 60-day pot experiment was conducted using CdS-NPs at 0, 100, 200, and 350 mg kg−1 soil. Bacterium Ensifer meliloti (applied as a seed coating) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of Rhizophagus intraradices (applied through deep placement) were applied separately and in combination (R. intraradices + E. meliloti).

Results

The results revealed a strong negative correlation (r ≥ -0.90) between CdS-NPs and plant growth indices. At 350 mg kg−1 soil, CdS-NPs caused the highest reductions in root volume (73%), leaf area (39%), root-to-shoot ratio (84%), chlorophyll pigments (21%), carotenoids (24%), relative water content (42%), and protein content (43%) compared to the CdS-NP-free treatments. The reductions were less pronounced at 200 and 100 mg kg−1, indicating a concentration-dependent decline and confirming the phytotoxic effects of CdS-NPs as a toxic substance to plants. Conversely, electrolyte leakage and the activities of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and catalase increased by 39%, 6.8- and 9.8-fold, respectively, compared to the CdS-NP-free treatment. A positive correlation (r ≥ 0.89) between CdS-NPs and these stress indicators further supported these findings. Compared to the non-inoculated, microbial inoculation enhanced plant growth at all CdS-NPs levels, with dual inoculation having the most pronounced positive effect, particularly at 350 mg kg−1. While bacterial inoculation was numerically more effective than fungal inoculation, no significant difference was found between them in most indices.

Conclusion

Microbial inoculation mitigates CdS-NPs toxicity in alfalfa, highlighting its potential for reducing nanoparticle stress in plants. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.