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Aims <p>The effects of diversified crop rotations on rhizosphere microbial functions remain poorly understood, particularly regarding how key metabolic pathways regulate the microbiome. This study explores the variation mechanisms of wheat and maize rhizosphere microbial community under diversified crop rotations.</p> Methods <p>Microbial community characteristics, co-occurrence networks, metabolite profiles, and functional populations were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing in wheat and maize rhizosphere at 2022 after six years of six crop rotations, including a conventional winter wheat–summer maize (WM) rotation and five diversified rotations incorporating sweet potato, peanut, soybean, spring maize, and ryegrass rotated-sweet sorghum.</p> Results <p>Diversified crop rotations significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) but declined nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N) and ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) contents (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) compared to WM in wheat and maize rhizosphere. SOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pronouncedly effected bacterial and fungal composition, respectively. Diversified crop rotations upregulated bacterial species mediated carbon metabolism compared to WM. From wheat to maize rhizosphere, the dominant functional fungi shifted from mediated plant pathogen to undefined saprotrophs, and bacterial richness and fungal Shannon indices increased significantly by 88.6% and 36.4% across all rotations, respectively, suggesting following r-selected (bacteria) and K-selected (fungi) strategies. Maize rhizosphere enhanced microbial network complexity and stability than wheat. Rhizosphere strongly influenced microbial function through altering soil properties, microbial diversity, and network complexity. DOC and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N significantly inhibited bacterial function, while NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N primarily affected fungal function.</p> Conclusions <p>This study implied that greater contribution of nutrient deposition and root exudates on shaping rhizosphere microbial community than crop legacy effects.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Distinct soil nutrient availability drives variation in the microbial community and functions in wheat and maize rhizosphere under diversified crop rotations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月11日

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  • Yifei Sun,
  • Xiaolin Yang,
  • Tiegui Nan,
  • Taisheng Du,
  • Shaozhong Kang,
  • Kadambot H. M. Siddique,
  • Klaus Butterbach-Bahl

摘要

Aims

The effects of diversified crop rotations on rhizosphere microbial functions remain poorly understood, particularly regarding how key metabolic pathways regulate the microbiome. This study explores the variation mechanisms of wheat and maize rhizosphere microbial community under diversified crop rotations.

Methods

Microbial community characteristics, co-occurrence networks, metabolite profiles, and functional populations were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing in wheat and maize rhizosphere at 2022 after six years of six crop rotations, including a conventional winter wheat–summer maize (WM) rotation and five diversified rotations incorporating sweet potato, peanut, soybean, spring maize, and ryegrass rotated-sweet sorghum.

Results

Diversified crop rotations significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) but declined nitrate (NO3–-N) and ammonium (NH4+-N) contents (P < 0.05) compared to WM in wheat and maize rhizosphere. SOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pronouncedly effected bacterial and fungal composition, respectively. Diversified crop rotations upregulated bacterial species mediated carbon metabolism compared to WM. From wheat to maize rhizosphere, the dominant functional fungi shifted from mediated plant pathogen to undefined saprotrophs, and bacterial richness and fungal Shannon indices increased significantly by 88.6% and 36.4% across all rotations, respectively, suggesting following r-selected (bacteria) and K-selected (fungi) strategies. Maize rhizosphere enhanced microbial network complexity and stability than wheat. Rhizosphere strongly influenced microbial function through altering soil properties, microbial diversity, and network complexity. DOC and NO3–-N significantly inhibited bacterial function, while NH4+-N and NO3–-N primarily affected fungal function.

Conclusions

This study implied that greater contribution of nutrient deposition and root exudates on shaping rhizosphere microbial community than crop legacy effects.

Graphical Abstract