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Background and aims <p>Land use changes impose a series of environmental pressures, which become more pronounced with restoration stages, leading to profound impacts on ecosystem functioning. However, research on the interactions within soil bacterial communities, their assembly patterns, and the associations with soil multifunctionality during forest restoration remains limited.</p> Methods <p>In this study, a space-for-time substitution approach was applied to explore responses of bacterial communities during poplar forest restoration, focusing on their temporal patterns of microbial community structure, co-occurrence patterns, assembly processes, and soil multifunctionality.</p> Results <p>Our findings indicate that forest restoration significantly altered soil bacterial community composition and increased bacterial diversity (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), notably enhancing the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. It also promoted bacterial functional groups related to carbon and nitrogen cycling, particularly those associated with nitrogen fixation (+ 174.32%) and denitrification (+ 37.98%). In mid-aged and mature forests, soil bacterial communities exhibited reduced co-occurrence network interactions (from 1861 to 1017), increased modularity (from 0.548 to 0.771 and 0.603), and intensified competitive interactions (from 38.74% to 44.06%). These findings indicate that the development of poplar plantations simplified and modularized soil bacterial co-occurrence network. Furthermore, deterministic processes dominated community assembly during grassland-to-forest conversion, increasing from 55.56% to 77.78%. Random forest analysis identified bacterial beta diversity (%IncMSE = 11.39, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.01) and restoration age (%IncMSE = 9.15, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) as the primary drivers of soil multifunctionality.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings highlight that forest maturation is associated with enhanced microbial community diversity and functional complexity, reflecting the positive successional processes within forest ecosystems over time.</p>

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Dynamics of soil bacterial community characteristics, assembly processes and multifunctionality along a poplar plantation chronosequence in northern China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • Hongling Yang,
  • Bo Yao,
  • Xiaoan Zuo,
  • Yongzhong Su,
  • Yulin Li

摘要

Background and aims

Land use changes impose a series of environmental pressures, which become more pronounced with restoration stages, leading to profound impacts on ecosystem functioning. However, research on the interactions within soil bacterial communities, their assembly patterns, and the associations with soil multifunctionality during forest restoration remains limited.

Methods

In this study, a space-for-time substitution approach was applied to explore responses of bacterial communities during poplar forest restoration, focusing on their temporal patterns of microbial community structure, co-occurrence patterns, assembly processes, and soil multifunctionality.

Results

Our findings indicate that forest restoration significantly altered soil bacterial community composition and increased bacterial diversity (P < 0.05), notably enhancing the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. It also promoted bacterial functional groups related to carbon and nitrogen cycling, particularly those associated with nitrogen fixation (+ 174.32%) and denitrification (+ 37.98%). In mid-aged and mature forests, soil bacterial communities exhibited reduced co-occurrence network interactions (from 1861 to 1017), increased modularity (from 0.548 to 0.771 and 0.603), and intensified competitive interactions (from 38.74% to 44.06%). These findings indicate that the development of poplar plantations simplified and modularized soil bacterial co-occurrence network. Furthermore, deterministic processes dominated community assembly during grassland-to-forest conversion, increasing from 55.56% to 77.78%. Random forest analysis identified bacterial beta diversity (%IncMSE = 11.39, P < 0.01) and restoration age (%IncMSE = 9.15, P < 0.05) as the primary drivers of soil multifunctionality.

Conclusion

These findings highlight that forest maturation is associated with enhanced microbial community diversity and functional complexity, reflecting the positive successional processes within forest ecosystems over time.