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<p>Excessive application of chemical fertilizers has reduced agricultural yield and final product quality because of several adverse environmental effects. The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices requires novel approaches to improve crop yield while reducing environmental impact. This study examined the effects of Leonardite and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), on the metabolite profile and sugar metabolism of sunflower grains. The research was conducted during the 2024 and 2025 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of bio-organic treatments and minimal chemical fertilizer application on sunflower. The combined use of AMF and Leonardite significantly improved the metabolic profile of the grains, resulting in substantial increases in saturated fatty acids by 139.29%, total amino acids by 39.33%, and total sugars by 17.20%, although unsaturated fatty acids showed a slight reduction of 9.47%. Changes in primary metabolites, including fatty acids and amino acids, are important for human nutrition and metabolic processes. The treatments also promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites, including lipid soluble and water-soluble antioxidants, which play a crucial role in enhancing the antioxidant potential of the grains. The combined application of AMF and Leonardite also increased the elemental composition of the grains, particularly phosphorus and potassium levels. Our findings indicate that the combination of Leonardite and AMF greatly improves the nutritional quality and metabolic profile of sunflower grains. This environmentally sustainable approach offers a viable way to enhance sunflower yield, improve food safety, and support ecological wellbeing by reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. Further research on plant soil interactions and bio-organic fertilizers across different plant species, along with fundamental molecular, biochemical, and physiological studies, is still needed.</p>

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Leonardite alter fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis in sunflower grains

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Muhammad Usman,
  • Muhammad Rizwan,
  • Sajad Ali,
  • Zeeshan Ahmed,
  • Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd,
  • Rashid Iqbal

摘要

Excessive application of chemical fertilizers has reduced agricultural yield and final product quality because of several adverse environmental effects. The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices requires novel approaches to improve crop yield while reducing environmental impact. This study examined the effects of Leonardite and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), on the metabolite profile and sugar metabolism of sunflower grains. The research was conducted during the 2024 and 2025 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of bio-organic treatments and minimal chemical fertilizer application on sunflower. The combined use of AMF and Leonardite significantly improved the metabolic profile of the grains, resulting in substantial increases in saturated fatty acids by 139.29%, total amino acids by 39.33%, and total sugars by 17.20%, although unsaturated fatty acids showed a slight reduction of 9.47%. Changes in primary metabolites, including fatty acids and amino acids, are important for human nutrition and metabolic processes. The treatments also promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites, including lipid soluble and water-soluble antioxidants, which play a crucial role in enhancing the antioxidant potential of the grains. The combined application of AMF and Leonardite also increased the elemental composition of the grains, particularly phosphorus and potassium levels. Our findings indicate that the combination of Leonardite and AMF greatly improves the nutritional quality and metabolic profile of sunflower grains. This environmentally sustainable approach offers a viable way to enhance sunflower yield, improve food safety, and support ecological wellbeing by reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. Further research on plant soil interactions and bio-organic fertilizers across different plant species, along with fundamental molecular, biochemical, and physiological studies, is still needed.