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<p>Apple cider vinegar (ACV), a traditional fermented product of apple juice, contains a range of bioactive constituents owing to its rich spectrum of naturally occurring compounds. Its key constituents are acetic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>COOH), phenolic acids (gallic and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids like quercetin, which exhibit structurally diverse functional groups, including hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties, that may contribute to their reported biological activities. Acetic acid, characterized by a simple methyl-to-carboxyl linkage, has been associated with antimicrobial and metabolic effects. Meanwhile, phenolic acids with aromatic hydroxyl arrangements may contribute to antioxidant activity through radical-scavenging mechanisms, and quercetin’s polycyclic flavone scaffold has been reported to influence antioxidant and cellular signalling pathways. The antioxidant potential of ACV has been linked to its potential interaction with reactive oxygen species, including superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, thereby potentially reducing oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules. Through electron or hydrogen donation mechanisms, its phenolic and flavonoid components may influence lipid peroxidation pathways, stabilize reactive intermediates, and modulate cellular oxidative balance. Beyond antioxidant-related effects, several studies have suggested that ACV bioactive compounds may influence pathways associated with cancer biology. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of mitochondrial function and activation of apoptosis-related enzymes such as caspases 3 and 9. Additionally, ACV modulates cell-cycle regulators, particularly cyclin-dependent kinases and tumour suppressor proteins like p53, leading to cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of malignant proliferation. Collectively, these interconnected molecular processes indicate that ACV and its constituents may have relevance in studies related to oxidative stress and cellular regulation. However, further clinical investigations remain essential to substantiate its efficacy and safe therapeutic applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Therapeutic potentials of apple cider vinegar: a review of its antioxidant and anti-cancer activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Shikha Rani,
  • Anju Goyal,
  • Maulikkumar D. Vaja,
  • Shivali Salooria,
  • Manoj Bali,
  • Pawan,
  • Manpreet Kaur

摘要

Apple cider vinegar (ACV), a traditional fermented product of apple juice, contains a range of bioactive constituents owing to its rich spectrum of naturally occurring compounds. Its key constituents are acetic acid (CH3COOH), phenolic acids (gallic and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids like quercetin, which exhibit structurally diverse functional groups, including hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties, that may contribute to their reported biological activities. Acetic acid, characterized by a simple methyl-to-carboxyl linkage, has been associated with antimicrobial and metabolic effects. Meanwhile, phenolic acids with aromatic hydroxyl arrangements may contribute to antioxidant activity through radical-scavenging mechanisms, and quercetin’s polycyclic flavone scaffold has been reported to influence antioxidant and cellular signalling pathways. The antioxidant potential of ACV has been linked to its potential interaction with reactive oxygen species, including superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide, thereby potentially reducing oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules. Through electron or hydrogen donation mechanisms, its phenolic and flavonoid components may influence lipid peroxidation pathways, stabilize reactive intermediates, and modulate cellular oxidative balance. Beyond antioxidant-related effects, several studies have suggested that ACV bioactive compounds may influence pathways associated with cancer biology. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of mitochondrial function and activation of apoptosis-related enzymes such as caspases 3 and 9. Additionally, ACV modulates cell-cycle regulators, particularly cyclin-dependent kinases and tumour suppressor proteins like p53, leading to cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of malignant proliferation. Collectively, these interconnected molecular processes indicate that ACV and its constituents may have relevance in studies related to oxidative stress and cellular regulation. However, further clinical investigations remain essential to substantiate its efficacy and safe therapeutic applications.

Graphical abstract