<p><i>Silene</i> species have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their long-standing traditional use for medicinal and nutritional purposes in regions such as Anatolia (Türkiye), Spain, and Italy. Several <i>Silene</i> species have been employed in traditional medicine to address conditions such as inflammation, bronchitis, colds, and infections, as well as for their diuretic, antipyretic, analgesic, emetic, anti-dandruff, wound-cleansing, and lice-repellent properties. Phytochemical investigations of the <i>Silene</i> genus have led to the isolation of a wide range of secondary metabolites, including phytoecdysteroids, triterpenoid saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, and sterols. These compounds contribute to the diverse biological activities exhibited by the genus, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, and actoprotective effects. Despite the substantial body of research on the <i>Silene</i> genus, many species remain unexplored, with their phytochemical profiles and biological activities yet to be fully investigated. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature on <i>Silene</i>, summarizing its phytochemical composition and the biological activity studies conducted to date.</p>