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<p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), characterized by the loss of neural cells, present a significant public health challenge due to their increasing prevalence and the limited treatment options available. In this context, plant-based natural products rich in bioactive compounds have gained attention as safe and alternative remedies. Recent evidences have highlighted that agarwood has the potential to alleviate symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline associated with NDDs, and exhibits significant neuroprotective potential. The bioactive compounds, particularly sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and chromones, modulate neurotransmitter balance, regulate the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) system via GABAergic modulation, and suppress neuroinflammation. Additionally, it lowers hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity which reduces stress-mediated neural damage and promotes neurite outgrowth in neurotoxic cells. Studies demonstrate agarwood’s ability to enhance cell viability, lower oxidative stress, and prevent apoptosis by modulating multiple pathways. This review discusses the current scientific findings, emphasizing agarwood’s ability to mitigate neurotoxicity, and managing anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in experimental models which are implicated in NDDs. Furthermore, it highlights the various mechanisms through which agarwood extracts impart beneficial effects on the brain. Despite its therapeutic potential, the review acknowledges several challenges and scope for further research, including clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies in utilizing agarwood for clinical applications. Addressing the existing challenges is expected to enable the development of standardized, safe, and effective agarwood-based treatments for NDDs.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Agarwood as a neuroprotective agent: a comprehensive review of existing evidence and potential avenues for future research

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月7日

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  • Ankur Das,
  • Khaleda Begum,
  • Raja Ahmed,
  • Suraiya Akhtar,
  • Tanisha Neog,
  • Abhijit Sarma,
  • Amartya Chakraborty,
  • Sofia Banu

摘要

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), characterized by the loss of neural cells, present a significant public health challenge due to their increasing prevalence and the limited treatment options available. In this context, plant-based natural products rich in bioactive compounds have gained attention as safe and alternative remedies. Recent evidences have highlighted that agarwood has the potential to alleviate symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline associated with NDDs, and exhibits significant neuroprotective potential. The bioactive compounds, particularly sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, and chromones, modulate neurotransmitter balance, regulate the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) system via GABAergic modulation, and suppress neuroinflammation. Additionally, it lowers hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity which reduces stress-mediated neural damage and promotes neurite outgrowth in neurotoxic cells. Studies demonstrate agarwood’s ability to enhance cell viability, lower oxidative stress, and prevent apoptosis by modulating multiple pathways. This review discusses the current scientific findings, emphasizing agarwood’s ability to mitigate neurotoxicity, and managing anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in experimental models which are implicated in NDDs. Furthermore, it highlights the various mechanisms through which agarwood extracts impart beneficial effects on the brain. Despite its therapeutic potential, the review acknowledges several challenges and scope for further research, including clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies in utilizing agarwood for clinical applications. Addressing the existing challenges is expected to enable the development of standardized, safe, and effective agarwood-based treatments for NDDs.

Graphical abstract