Background <p>Diabetes prevalence among individuals of Chinese background in Australia is about three times higher than the general population.</p> Aim <p>The aim of this study was to identify specific barriers and enablers of medication-taking among adults of Chinese background living with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Australia.</p> Method <p>Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with: (1) adults (18 + years) with T2DM of Chinese heritage currently prescribed diabetes medications; (2) health professionals involved in the care of people with T2DM of Chinese heritage. Participants were recruited from a national registry and single specialist clinic. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using deductive content analysis based on the 14 domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The most relevant TDF domains were identified based on frequency counts across cohorts.</p> Results <p>A total of 25 people living with T2DM (60% male; age range: 31–72), and 11 healthcare professionals (5 endocrinologists; 5 pharmacists; 1 credentialled diabetes educator; 10 of Chinese background) participated. Barriers and enablers influencing medication-taking behaviors were identified across 13/14 TDF domains (except for ‘Reinforcement’). Relevant domains most frequently identified were: Social Influences; Environmental Context and Resources; Beliefs About Consequences, and Behavioral Regulation.</p> Conclusion <p>Drawing on the TDF, potential targets for future interventions aimed at improving the uptake and maintenance of medication-taking behavior among adults with T2DM of Chinese heritage were identified. These data may support the development of culturally relevant and theoretically informed healthcare professional strategies and diabetes education programs, and ultimately, improve health outcomes for individuals with T2DM.</p>