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<p>The use of different earths for medical purposes can be seen in folk medicine, but not in current medical practice worldwide. This may often be due to the unknown chemical compositions and the possibility of the heavy metal toxicity of these earths. Due to emerging new technologies, studying the chemical composition of earths and their heavy metal content is today possible. One of these earths, still used by Iranians for its medicinal properties, is Armenian bole (Ab). Given that a medical component must comply with chemical, physical, and toxicological requirements, the present work is performed on the evaluation of these properties in Ab. X-ray powder diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were performed to determine the mineralogical content of this earth. Antimicrobial (anti-fungal and anti-bacterial) assays and pharmacopoeia tests (measurement of pH, powder flow characteristics, particle size fractionation, and moisture content of clay minerals) were also performed for better evaluation. The heavy metal contents were above the acceptable limits, and the Ab contained minerals that could be potential therapeutic and pharmaceutical agents after heavy metal removal. In our study, all samples of Ab contained Gypsum, Quartz, Calcite, Hematite, and Kaolinite minerals, both before and after the washing process. This earth did not show antimicrobial properties. We also noted the physical properties of this earth.</p>

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Physicochemical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Evaluation of Armenian Bole, an Ancient Medicinal Clay

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月1日

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  • Ayda Hosseinkhani,
  • Ammar Hosamo,
  • Hashem Montaseri,
  • Alireza Mehdizadeh,
  • Kamiar Zomorodian,
  • Mohammad Mehdi Zarshenas,
  • Ali Kashkooe

摘要

The use of different earths for medical purposes can be seen in folk medicine, but not in current medical practice worldwide. This may often be due to the unknown chemical compositions and the possibility of the heavy metal toxicity of these earths. Due to emerging new technologies, studying the chemical composition of earths and their heavy metal content is today possible. One of these earths, still used by Iranians for its medicinal properties, is Armenian bole (Ab). Given that a medical component must comply with chemical, physical, and toxicological requirements, the present work is performed on the evaluation of these properties in Ab. X-ray powder diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and atomic absorption spectroscopy were performed to determine the mineralogical content of this earth. Antimicrobial (anti-fungal and anti-bacterial) assays and pharmacopoeia tests (measurement of pH, powder flow characteristics, particle size fractionation, and moisture content of clay minerals) were also performed for better evaluation. The heavy metal contents were above the acceptable limits, and the Ab contained minerals that could be potential therapeutic and pharmaceutical agents after heavy metal removal. In our study, all samples of Ab contained Gypsum, Quartz, Calcite, Hematite, and Kaolinite minerals, both before and after the washing process. This earth did not show antimicrobial properties. We also noted the physical properties of this earth.