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<p>Antimicrobial activity of Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) generated using a coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor was investigated against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i>, two microorganisms frequently associated with endodontic treatment failure. PAW was produced using three different working gases such as compressed air (PAW-Ca), argon (PAW-Ar), and helium (PAW-He) resulting in distinct chemical compositions characterized by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Clinically applicable exposure times (45&#xa0;s, 1&#xa0;min, and 1.5&#xa0;min) were evaluated. For <i>E. faecalis</i>, 45&#xa0;s of exposure resulted in reductions of 0.32 log₁₀ for PAW-Ca, 2.92 log₁₀ for PAW-Ar, and 2.73 log₁₀ for PAW-He. At 1&#xa0;min, reductions increased to 0.50 log₁₀ for PAW-Ca, 3.23 log₁₀ for PAW-Ar, and &gt; 6 log₁₀ for PAW-He. After 1.5&#xa0;min, PAW-Ca achieved a 0.53 log₁₀ reduction, while PAW-Ar and PAW-He reached 2.88 log₁₀ and &gt; 6 log₁₀ reductions, respectively. In contrast, none of the PAWs exhibited inhibitory activity against planktonic <i>C. albicans</i>. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all PAW groups maintained ≥ 70% fibroblast viability, indicating non-cytotoxicity, whereas the conventional endodontic irrigants sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate decreased cell viability. Despite these promising findings, the study was limited to planktonic models and the lack of antifungal activity indicates that alternative PAW generation and treatment protocols should be further explored. Additional studies are also required to determine the precise composition and concentrations of reactive species in PAW and their relationship with antimicrobial performance.</p>

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Effect of Various Plasma-activated Waters on E. faecalis and C. albicans in Relation to Endodontic Treatments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Victória Kelly Fonseca Tavares,
  • Felipe de Souza Miranda,
  • Diego Morais da Silva,
  • Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa,
  • Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito

摘要

Antimicrobial activity of Plasma-Activated Water (PAW) generated using a coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactor was investigated against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans, two microorganisms frequently associated with endodontic treatment failure. PAW was produced using three different working gases such as compressed air (PAW-Ca), argon (PAW-Ar), and helium (PAW-He) resulting in distinct chemical compositions characterized by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Clinically applicable exposure times (45 s, 1 min, and 1.5 min) were evaluated. For E. faecalis, 45 s of exposure resulted in reductions of 0.32 log₁₀ for PAW-Ca, 2.92 log₁₀ for PAW-Ar, and 2.73 log₁₀ for PAW-He. At 1 min, reductions increased to 0.50 log₁₀ for PAW-Ca, 3.23 log₁₀ for PAW-Ar, and > 6 log₁₀ for PAW-He. After 1.5 min, PAW-Ca achieved a 0.53 log₁₀ reduction, while PAW-Ar and PAW-He reached 2.88 log₁₀ and > 6 log₁₀ reductions, respectively. In contrast, none of the PAWs exhibited inhibitory activity against planktonic C. albicans. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all PAW groups maintained ≥ 70% fibroblast viability, indicating non-cytotoxicity, whereas the conventional endodontic irrigants sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate decreased cell viability. Despite these promising findings, the study was limited to planktonic models and the lack of antifungal activity indicates that alternative PAW generation and treatment protocols should be further explored. Additional studies are also required to determine the precise composition and concentrations of reactive species in PAW and their relationship with antimicrobial performance.