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<p>Plasma-based seed treatment has attracted growing interest for its potential in sustainable agriculture, yet the distinction between in-situ solution plasma (IS-SP) and plasma-activated water soaking (PAW-SS) approaches in efficacy and mechanism remains unclear. This study employs an underwater array gas-liquid discharge system to compare their effects on melon seeds infected with <i>Acidovorax citrulli</i> (Ac). Both treatments achieved effective pathogen inactivation, improved germination, reduced disease incidence, and enhanced seedling physiology—but with distinct temporal advantages. IS-SP significantly accelerated early germination, showing a 14.9% higher germination potential than PAW-SS. In contrast, PAW-SS excelled in sustained pathogen suppression and subsequent growth promotion, resulting in 93.1% higher catalase activity and 9.8% greater soluble protein content, along with superior root length (5.1%), leaf area (6.9%), stem diameter (8.6%), and plant height (9.6%) by day 30. Mechanistic studies revealed that both approaches caused visible seed coat etching. Optical emission spectroscopy indicated substantial consumption of reactive species (NO, •OH, N<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>⁺, Hα, and O) in the presence of seeds. XPS analysis further demonstrated that IS-SP more effectively cleaved C-C/C-H bonds and promoted the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups (C-O, C = O), thereby facilitating rapid physicochemical modification of the seed coat. PAW-SS, however, relied on long-lived chemical species (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and an acidic environment to provide continuous disinfection and nitrogen nutrition, supporting prolonged seedling development. These results demonstrate the complementary roles of IS-SP and PAW-SS: IS-SP is superior at rapid germination activation, whereas PAW-SS is effective for sustained microbial control and growth promotion, providing a strategy for precision prevention and control of bacterial diseases in cucurbit crops.</p>

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Comparative Efficacy of In-Situ Solution Plasma versus Plasma-Activated Water Soaking in Controlling Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Melon Seeds

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Shan-Shan Peng,
  • Yu-He Chen,
  • Na-Na Zhang,
  • Shan-Teng Zhang,
  • Ting Fan,
  • Xiao-Dong Wang

摘要

Plasma-based seed treatment has attracted growing interest for its potential in sustainable agriculture, yet the distinction between in-situ solution plasma (IS-SP) and plasma-activated water soaking (PAW-SS) approaches in efficacy and mechanism remains unclear. This study employs an underwater array gas-liquid discharge system to compare their effects on melon seeds infected with Acidovorax citrulli (Ac). Both treatments achieved effective pathogen inactivation, improved germination, reduced disease incidence, and enhanced seedling physiology—but with distinct temporal advantages. IS-SP significantly accelerated early germination, showing a 14.9% higher germination potential than PAW-SS. In contrast, PAW-SS excelled in sustained pathogen suppression and subsequent growth promotion, resulting in 93.1% higher catalase activity and 9.8% greater soluble protein content, along with superior root length (5.1%), leaf area (6.9%), stem diameter (8.6%), and plant height (9.6%) by day 30. Mechanistic studies revealed that both approaches caused visible seed coat etching. Optical emission spectroscopy indicated substantial consumption of reactive species (NO, •OH, N2, N2⁺, Hα, and O) in the presence of seeds. XPS analysis further demonstrated that IS-SP more effectively cleaved C-C/C-H bonds and promoted the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups (C-O, C = O), thereby facilitating rapid physicochemical modification of the seed coat. PAW-SS, however, relied on long-lived chemical species (NO2−, NO3−, H2O2) and an acidic environment to provide continuous disinfection and nitrogen nutrition, supporting prolonged seedling development. These results demonstrate the complementary roles of IS-SP and PAW-SS: IS-SP is superior at rapid germination activation, whereas PAW-SS is effective for sustained microbial control and growth promotion, providing a strategy for precision prevention and control of bacterial diseases in cucurbit crops.