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<p>The production of plasma activated water (PAW) enriched with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is a prerequisite for high-efficient application of PAW in chemical fields. To address the limitations of conventional single-electrode PAW systems, this study designs a PAW generator with a dual-discharge mode consisting of an upper - liquid electrode and a submerged electrode to effectively compensate for the low mass - transfer efficiency of the upper - liquid discharge mode and the instability of the products in the under - liquid discharge mode, thereby improving the discharge stability. The upper - liquid electrode adopts a four - needle T - shaped structure to adapt to the turbulent liquid surface, while the submerged electrode is covered in a quartz tube to ensure stable plasma discharge. Optimized at 171 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\text{V}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (input voltage), 0.019&#xa0;mol/L NaCl, and 30&#xa0;min, the system achieves nonlinear RONS generation (172.11, 5.11, 3.25 and 0.81 µmol/L for <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{NO}_{2}^{-}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:H_2O_2\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:O_3\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, respectively). The total energy consumption is 145.9&#xa0;J, and the energy efficiency reaches 10.74&#xa0;g/(KW×h). The device performance of the PAW generator is satisfactory, with temperature fluctuations confined to 7.67–8.33&#xa0;°C, a final pH of 3.07, and a production volume of 2.4&#xa0;L out of a rated capacity of 3&#xa0;L These results underscore the potential of this design to establish a foundation for highly effective, low-energy PAW production across industrial applications.</p>

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Dual-Discharge Mode for Enhanced Plasma Activated Water Production: Optimizing RONS Generation and Energy Efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月13日

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  • Haiying Chen,
  • Xiang Wu,
  • Min Zhou,
  • Tao Wang,
  • Lingjun Wei

摘要

The production of plasma activated water (PAW) enriched with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is a prerequisite for high-efficient application of PAW in chemical fields. To address the limitations of conventional single-electrode PAW systems, this study designs a PAW generator with a dual-discharge mode consisting of an upper - liquid electrode and a submerged electrode to effectively compensate for the low mass - transfer efficiency of the upper - liquid discharge mode and the instability of the products in the under - liquid discharge mode, thereby improving the discharge stability. The upper - liquid electrode adopts a four - needle T - shaped structure to adapt to the turbulent liquid surface, while the submerged electrode is covered in a quartz tube to ensure stable plasma discharge. Optimized at 171 \(\:\text{V}\) (input voltage), 0.019 mol/L NaCl, and 30 min, the system achieves nonlinear RONS generation (172.11, 5.11, 3.25 and 0.81 µmol/L for \(\:{NO}_{2}^{-}\) , \(\:{NO}_{3}^{-}\) , \(\:H_2O_2\) , and \(\:O_3\) , respectively). The total energy consumption is 145.9 J, and the energy efficiency reaches 10.74 g/(KW×h). The device performance of the PAW generator is satisfactory, with temperature fluctuations confined to 7.67–8.33 °C, a final pH of 3.07, and a production volume of 2.4 L out of a rated capacity of 3 L These results underscore the potential of this design to establish a foundation for highly effective, low-energy PAW production across industrial applications.