<p>The neuroscience of religion—often, though not without controversy, referred to as neurotheology—investigates how religious, spiritual, and contemplative experiences are embodied in neural, cognitive, affective, and autonomic processes. The present focused review narrows its scope to functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of prayer, meditation, mystical experience, and personally meaningful spiritual experience. It does not attempt to reduce faith or theology to brain activity; rather, it evaluates what positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can and cannot show about the neural correlates of such experiences. The present article therefore distinguishes three analytical levels: spirituality as a personal or experiential orientation toward transcendence, religion as a culturally and institutionally mediated system of beliefs and practices, and theology as a normative and conceptual reflection on divine reality, revelation, doctrine, and religious meaning. Evidence from PET, SPECT, EEG, and fMRI is discussed as complementary rather than interchangeable: PET and SPECT provide hemodynamic or metabolic information, EEG captures fast oscillatory dynamics, and fMRI offers higher spatial resolution for distributed networks. The review highlights convergent findings involving frontoparietal, limbic, salience, and default mode–related systems while also emphasizing methodological limits, theological caution, and the need for a dialogical rather than reductionist interpretation of neuroimaging data.</p>